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"The K-250 submarine is usually configured to be a one-person personal submarine that is rated to go down to 250 fsw. The sub was designed by retired US Navy World War II submarine captain George Kittredge.Phil Scott, "Sub Culture", Boating, May, 2008. Retrieved 8/26/2015. It is a basic solid submarine that has been used by researchers, salvage divers,Rafe Klinger, "Diving for Treasure on the Ocean Floor", Boca Raton News, 9/15/1974. Retrieved 8/26/2015. and private enthusiasts.United Press International, "Sub Culture", Montreal Gazette, 12/21/1973. Retrieved 8/26/2015. A K-250 personal submarine designed and built by George W. Kittredge. This submarine is on display in South Thomaston, Maine, as a memorial to Kittredge. Kittredge Industries began building subs in 1970 at a plant in Warren, Maine.Kittredge, George William (2000). I Found Israel's Atom Bomb Factory, p. 231. Kittredge Industries, Inc., South Thomaston, Maine. . A number are still in use today. They generally weigh 2200 pounds when fully outfitted. Their hull is a quarter of an inch thick, and usually made out of A-36 mild steel, or ASME-516 Grade 70 high carbon steel. They have twin keels, that also act as skids so the sub does not need to be placed in a cradle."Submarines", Kittredge Industries, Inc., 2005. Retrieved 8/26/2015. The K-250 has a 150-pound drop weight, that can be released to make the sub float to the surface if all the other systems have failed. The drop weight is made up of a metal tray and a number of lead bricks. If released, having the lead broken up into smaller bricks makes them easier to recover by a SCUBA diver if they are not too deep.Bruce Kyle, "Old Sailor Takes Submarines to New Heights", Bangor Daily News, 9/11/1996. Retrieved 8/26/2015. The plans call for the sub to have three 12 volt car batteries, and two SCUBA tanks, used primarily to blow the water out of the front and rear soft ballast tanks. These external soft ballast tanks are usually made out of a fiberglass composite or steel. Some K-250s have a single action grabber arm in the front. References Midget submarines "
"Platelet transfusion refractoriness is the repeated failure to achieve the desired level of blood platelets in a patient following a platelet transfusion. The cause of refractoriness may be either immune or non-immune. Among immune-related refractoriness, antibodies against HLA antigens are the primary cause. Non-immune causes include splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), fever, and sepsis. Cause Platelet refractoriness can be due to immune causes or non-immune causes. Non-immune causes account for over 80% of cases of platelet refractoriness, and sepsis is one of the most common non- immune causes. HLA alloimmunization is the commonest immune cause of platelet refractoriness. =Non-immune causes= Patient-related *Sepsis *Fever *Disseminated intravascular coagulation *Splenomegaly *Treatment of infection, antibiotics (vancomycin), antifungals (amphotericin B) *Graft- versus-host disease *Hepatic veno-occlusive disease *Bleeding Platelet component-related * Age of platelet component * ABO mismatch between platelet component and recipient * Number of platelets within the component if platelet increment (PI) is used to calculate platelet refractoriness * Pathogen-reduced platelet component =Immune causes= *Alloantibodies to platelet antigens **Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies **Human platelet antigen (HPA) antibodies *Immune complexes *Other antibodies **Drug-related antibodies Diagnosis Platelet transfusion refractoriness can be defined in several different ways. All measures of platelet refractoriness are defined by the timing of the post-transfusion platelet count, usually 1 hour post transfusion or 24 hours post transfusion or both. =Platelet increment (PI)= This is the simplest method, and only requires data on the platelet count before and after the transfusion. The platelet increment is also known as the absolute count increment and count increment. PI = post-transfusion platelet count - pre-transfusion platelet count However, it is affected by the number of platelets given in the transfusion (platelet dose) and the patient's blood volume. Larger patients and smaller platelet doses decrease the platelet increment. These factors are adjusted for in the other methods of defining platelet refractoriness. A 1-hour post-transfusion PI of less than 5 to 10 x 109/l is considered evidence of platelet refractoriness. Due to lack of data on platelet dose this is often the only measure of platelet refractoriness that can be performed in routine clinical practice. =Percentage platelet recovery (PPR)= Requires data on the platelet increment (PI), the patient's total blood volume (TBV) - estimated using the patient's weight multiplied by 0.075, and the number of platelets transfused (platelet dose) PPR = ((PI x TBV)/PD) x 100 At 1 hour post-transfusion, a PPR < 20% is considered evidence of platelet refractoriness. At 16 hours post-transfusion a PPR < 10% is considered evidence of platelet refractoriness. =Percentage platelet increment (PPI)= PPI is very similar to the percentage platelet recovery (PPR) but there has been an additional adjustment for splenic pooling of platelets (PPR multiplied by 2/3) PPI = PPR/0.67 = ((PI / 0.67) x TBV)/PD x 100 =Corrected count increment (CCI)= This requires data on the platelet increment (PI, in platelets/µl), the patient's Body surface area (BSA, in m2), and the number of platelets transfused (PD, in 1011). {CCI} = PI * \frac{BSA}{PD} For example, a PI of 25,000 platelets/µl, a BSA of 1.8m2 and a PD of 4x1011 gives a CCI of 11,250 platelets*m2/1011µl At 1 hour post- transfusion a CCI greater than 7500 indicates a sufficient post-transfusion increment, whereas a CCI less than 7500 is considered diagnostic of platelet refractoriness. At 24 hours post transfusion a CCI less than 5000 suggests platelet refractoriness. =Platelet dose= Some blood banks maintain records of the estimated number of platelets in each unit. Current requirements in the US stipulate that a unit of apheresis platelets must contain at least 3.0 x1011 platelets. In England only 1% of adult platelet components are tested to check the number of platelets meet the minimum required standard of 2.4 x 1011 platelets. Only components that contain fewer than 1.6 x 1011 platelets are discarded. This means that there can be a lot of variability in the number of platelets contained within each transfusion. Treatment Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Non-immune causes are usually treated by treating the underlying cause e.g. sepsis. If there is no obvious non-immune cause, a first step can be to use platelet components that are likely to produce the greatest platelet increment (less than 3 days old and ABO-matched), while further investigations are performed (testing for HLA antibodies). If an immune cause is suspected and HLA antibodies are detected, then HLA-selected platelet components can be used. Although HLA-selected platelets lead to improved platelet increments at 1 hour post-transfusion, there is currently insufficient evidence to demonstrate their clinical effectiveness at preventing bleeding. If HLA antibodies are not detected, and HPA antibodies are detected, then HPA-selected or crossmatched platelet components can be used. HLA and HPA-selected components should not be used if no HLA or HPA antibodies are detected. References Transfusion reactions Coagulopathies Transfusion medicine "
"Rafflesia leonardi is a parasitic plant species of the genus Rafflesia. It is endemic to the Philippines. R. leonardi is the fourth Rafflesia species found in Luzon and the eighth from the Philippines. It is called ngaratngat by the local Agta tribesmen. The species was discovered in May 2008 by Cagayan Valley Partners in People Development (Cavapped), a multi-sectoral group of environmental scientists at remote sitio Kinapawan in the coastal town of Lal- Lo, Cagayan. Rafflesia leonardi was named by Julie Barcelona and colleagues after Filipino botanist Dr. Leonardo Co of Conservation International. See this citation for a review of Philippine Rafflesia. References leonardi Parasitic plants Endemic flora of the Philippines Flora of Luzon Taxa named by Julie F. Barcelona Taxa named by Pieter B. Pelser Plants described in 2008 "