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"St. Luke is an outdoor sculpture by Croatian artist Ivan Meštrović (born 1883). It is located on the courtyard in front of O’Shaughnessy Hall on the University of Notre Dame campus, which is in South bend, Indiana, and is owned by the University of Notre Dame. Description The life-sized sculpture, made of bronze, depicts St. Luke the Evangelist seated with his left foot propped up on a rock and cupping his chin with his hand. He holds a stylus in his right hand, atop a tablet balanced on his right knee. The sculpture of St. Luke, completed in 1957, is one part of a collection of four total figures located outside of O’Shaughnessy Hall on the south quad of the campus of Notre Dame. The collection includes sculptures of Christ and the Samaritan Woman, St. Luke and St. John. The pedestal it rests on is concrete. Catholic Inspiration St. Luke is the writer of the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, who has been identified with St. Paul's "Luke, the beloved physician" (Colossians 4:14). According to the early Church historian named Eusebius, Luke was born at Antioch in Syria. The collection as a whole illustrates, in St. John’s Chapter 4 in the Gospel, the story of Jesus and the Samaritan woman. “One day Jesus was walking to Galilee with His disciples, who continued on into the nearby Samaritan town while Jesus waited for them at Jacob’s Well. In the heat of the day, a local woman came to draw water, and she was surprised when Jesus requested a drink from her— a despised non- believer. He revealed such remarkable knowledge, even of her own life, that she asked if He were the Messiah, and He replied that He was. She hurried away, whereupon the disciples rejoined Jesus, dismayed that He had conversed with a woman of the scorned sect.” Influence of War Ivan Meštrović supported Croatia’s liberationist movement against Italy’s attempts to seize parts of Dalmatia, Croatia in World War I. The more popular Ivan Meštrović became, the more his politically charged art put him in danger. At the outbreak of World War I, he was forced to flee Croatia. After fleeing Croatia, Ivan Meštrović became a professor and for 20 years was the director of the Art Institute of Zagreb. Drawing on his own poor upbringing in rural Croatia, he donated all his wages so that poor students could study art. During World War II, Hitler invited Ivan Meštrović to exhibit in Berlin, but Ivan Meštrović declined and was arrested and imprisoned for five months. This time allowed him to plan future religious sculptures that would later help him deal with his sadness about the war. The vatican petitioned and won the release of Ivan Meštrović, who then lived in Rome for a time. Ivan Meštrović did not want to go back to Yugoslavia where Marshall Tito had invited him back to. Instead, he became a professor at Syracuse University in 1947. While in New York, Ivan Meštrović had his own exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the first one man show to ever take place there. Syracuse University is the last place Ivan Meštrović lived before coming to the University of Notre Dame. Ivan Meštrović at Notre Dame St. Luke In 1955, President of the University of Notre Dame Theodore Hesburgh, invited Ivan Meštrović to come to Notre Dame where he produced 24 total works in mediums of wood, marble, bronze, as well as oil paintings. Rev. Anthony J. Lauck, CSC, founding director of the Snite Museum, chair of the art department, and a sculptor, encouraged Hesburgh to bring the renowned artist to Notre Dame.http://sniteartmuseum.nd.edu/learn/publications/catalogs-and- brochures/ivan-mestrovic-at-notre-dame-selected-campus-sculptures/ Ivan Meštrović's presence is a lasting one at the University of Notre Dame, not only because of his numerous works spread around campus, but because he was a professor in residence for seven years at Notre Dame before he died in 1962, teaching the students who went on to create pieces influenced by his teachings. Moving to the Catholic University of Notre Dame from his previous residency at Syracuse University allowed Ivan Meštrović to sculpt more religious pieces that demonstrated his love for the Catholic faith of his homeland, Croatia. Style “Many of his best works possess just such a rough, almost primitive, quality designed to dominate the viewer.” After the war, he chose to sculpt more about religion and his folk culture. This style remained consistent, with no significant changes to the end of his career. His work remained both classical and modern. Condition Bronze sculptures used to be known for their durability, but a changing world environment has “imperiled outdoor bronze sculptures”. The St. Luke sculpture has taken on a lighter, almost blue and green color to it, likely from the copper that used to be used on the surface of bronze sculptures. References External links *Bronze Sculpture Deterioration *St. Luke Photo *Biography of Ivan Meštrović *Samaritan Woman Sculpture *Works of Ivan Ivan Meštrović that show his style University of Notre Dame Public Art Collection Outdoor sculptures in Notre Dame 1957 sculptures "
"Natural Cycles is a mobile app designed to help women track their fertility. The app predicts the days on which a woman is fertile and may be used for planning pregnancy and contraception. It was developed by scientist Elina Berglund, who founded the company with her husband, Raoul Scherwitzl. The app was the first to be certified as a contraceptive in the European Union and in August 2018 the Food and Drug Administration approved U.S. marketing for the app. The app has come under criticism for misleading advertising and potential lack of efficacy. History Berglund was a physicist partly based at CERN, collaborating with the team who discovered the Higgs boson, before co-founding the company with her husband Scherwitzl. Because the couple was in search of an alternative natural contraceptive themselves, Berglund used data analysis to develop an algorithm designed to pinpoint her ovulation. The couple then decided to create an app with the underlying algorithm, Natural Cycles. Following several medical trials, the app became the first tech-based device to be certified for use as contraception in the European Union in February 2017 by the European inspection and certification organisation TÜV SÜD. In November 2017 Natural Cycles received a $30M investment in series B round led by EQT Ventures fund, with participation from existing investors Sunstone, E-ventures and Bonnier Growth Media (the VC arm of privately held Swedish media group, the Bonnier Group). While the app is currently only certified in the European Union, where its users are concentrated in the United Kingdom and the Scandinavian countries, it is available worldwide. Natural Cycles offers a subscription product, which had over 800,000 users across 160 countries as of June 2018. 75 percent use the app as a contraceptive, and the rest use it to try and become pregnant. The app works by taking your temperature each morning, under the tongue as soon as you wake up in the morning and logging it into the app. This is done with a basal thermometer. The apps algorithm calculation is based on the observation that post-ovulation, progesterone warms the female body by up to 0.45C. Natural Cycles algorithm then determines, based on the temperature, whether the user is fertile or not. A red day means fertile (which is when you should abstain or use a condom), a green day means not fertile. For the app to remain effective, women need to follow the app's instructions correctly, and it does not protect its users from sexually transmitted diseases. In 2019, the company completed a pilot program in Sweden that tested a feature to help women trying to get pregnant determine if they should seek fertility help. A new mode also became available in 2019 that helps users monitor pregnancy. Research Studies carried out by the app's creators have found it to be as effective in preventing pregnancies as the contraceptive pill. These studies, however, only consider women who used the app in a "perfect use" scenario - the rate of pregnancies was higher when considering all users - and only considered users who were paying members and were within the age range 20-35. Criticism In 2018, Södersjukhuset, a hospital in Stockholm, Sweden filed a complaint with the Medical Products Agency of Sweden after 37 women who had been using Natural Cycles as their primary method of contraception sought an abortion at the hospital after becoming pregnant unintentionally. Natural Cycles responded by saying the number of pregnancies was within the reported effectiveness rates.http://www.businessinsider.com/natural-cycles-under-investigation- unwanted-pregnancies-2018-1https://naturalcycles.com/en/science In the UK, the app came under investigation by the Advertising Standards Authority over supposedly misleading claims in its marketing; the complaint was upheld by the ASA in August 2018, concluding that the app misled consumers regarding being "highly accurate" and a "clinically tested alternative to birth control". A number of users and healthcare professionals have expressed concerns over the efficacy of the app. In August 2018, Lauren Streicher, professor of clinical obstetrics at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine expressed concerns over the Food and Drug Administration's approval of the app. Streicher has claimed that the app is "problematic" as it relies on users' self-reported temperatures which must be taken as soon as they wake up each morning in order to be accurate. In an interview with Vox, Streicher claimed "The minute you rely on action, the efficacy goes down.” Natural Cycles has also been criticised for its marketing strategy of paying social media influencers to promote the app. In July 2018 researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine published a study which claimed “Natural Cycles’ marketing materials ought to be entirely transparent, more clear than they currently are about the limitations of their app and pregnancy risks” See also * Calendar-based contraceptive methods * Natural family planning References Birth control Women's health Fertility awareness Medical software "
"Moses is an outdoor bronze sculpture by Croatian artist Josip Turkalj. It is located at the main campus of the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, just outside of the Hesburgh Library. Owned by the University of Notre Dame and commissioned in 1962, the sculpture represents the prophet Moses. Description Moses is a 17ft sculpture with a 3inch tall bronze base and a 1.3 feet tall granite square base. It is located in the West side of Hesburgh Library located at the North quad of Notre Dame campus. The sculpture was made by Josep Turkjali in plaster and was sent to Italy to be cast in bronze. It is composed of the image of Moses pointing a finger to the sky with the table of commandments in the other hand. It is also stepping over a bull and represented with horns in its head. Historical information Moses was created by Croatian sculptor Josip Turkalj. He was influenced by his mentor Ivan Meštrović who "Moses was the figure to which he most often returned."https://sniteartmuseum.nd.edu/assets/134727/mestrovic2_8.5_mb_pdf_.pdf The sculpture was created at Notre Dame in plaster and then sent to Italy to be cast in bronze. The sculpture represents Moses lecturing the Israelites, who in his absence had fallen into idolatry. Moses' hand is pointing into the sky to proclaim that there is only one God. As Notre Dame has a long history of renaming statues with football reference, Moses has been awarded the name of First Down Moses. Much like the South panel of the Hesburgh Library which was named Touchdown Jesus. Also, the statue of Father Corby in front of Corby Hall is nicknamed Fair Catch Corby. First Down Moses, according to students, also signals that the Notre Dame football team is number one, hence the statue's hand pointing to the sky. One of the controversies that exist surrounding the sculpture is the representation of Moses with horns in is head. Initially it was thought to be "a mistranslation, because the Hebrew word for horns can also refer to rays of light." Nevertheless, as scholars have continued to research they have come to the conclusion that the representation of Moses with horns may have been "referring to one of the most famous depictions of Moses in sculpture, the early-16th century statue by Michelangelo that forms part of part of the tomb of Pope Julius II." See also * Michelangelo * University of Notre Dame * Ivan Meštrović References 1962 sculptures Cattle in art Outdoor sculptures in Notre Dame Sculptures of Moses University of Notre Dame Public Art Collection "