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"Kaeso Duillius Longus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC. Family He was part of the gens Duillia. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, he was plebeian.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiqutities, X. 58 The cognomen, Longus, is uncertain. Biography Kaeso Duillius Longus was one of the ten members of the Second Decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Crassus and elected for the purpose of creating the Law of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law in Roman history. At the instigation of Sabinus, the decemvirs held onto their titles illegally the following year, and refused to proceed with the annual election of consuls.Cicero, De Republica, II. 61 In 449 BC, a war escalated with the Sabines setting up in Eretum and the Aequi who had camped on Mount Algidus. Roman forces were divided into two armies in order to fight on two fronts. Duilius received command of the army which fought the Sabines, with three other decemvirs; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, Manius Rabuleius, and Quintus Poetelius. At the time, Crassus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen remained in Rome in order to assure the defense of the city, while the other four decemvirs fought against the Aequi.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 38-42Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI. 2.1 The two Roman armies were each kept in check on both fronts. The army commanded by Duillius withdrew to Fidenae and Crustumerium then returned to the field after the death of the soldier Lucius Siccius Dentatus, former tribune of the plebs and staunch opponent of the patricians. His death was concealed as though it were a loss suffered in an ambush. The soldiers then mutinied and elected ten military tribunes to command the army. They then returned to Rome and set up on the Aventine before merging with the other army on Monte Sacro. Under pressure by the soldiers and the plebeians, the decemvirs resigned. Appius Claudius Crassus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen remained in Rome and were imprisoned, but committed suicide during their trial. The other eight decemvirs, including Duillius, went into exile.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 43-54Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI. 24-43 References Bibliography =Ancient bibliography= * Livy, Ab urbe condita * Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities * Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica =Modern bibliography= 5th-century BC Romans Ancient Roman decemvirs "
"Patricia Marks Greenfield (born July 18, 1940) is an American psychologist and professor known for her research in the fields of culture and human development. She is a currently a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California in Los Angeles and recently served as President of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (2014-2016). Greenfield has received numerous awards throughout her career. These include the American Psychological Association Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society in 2010 and the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) Award for Distinguished Contributions to Cultural and Contextual Factors in Child Development in 2013. She was selected as recipient of the Outstanding Contributions to Cultural Psychology Award from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology in 2018. She received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Award for Behavioral Science Research for her 1991 paper titled Language, tools and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior,Greenfield, P., Andreae, J., Ryan, S., Pepperberg, I., Westergaard, G., & Pinon, P. (1994). Language, tools, and the brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17(2), 357-365. which appeared in the journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. Early life and education Greenfield was born in Newark, New Jersey, to David Marks Jr., an insurance agent, and Doris (née Pollard) Marks. Greenfield went to Radcliffe College from 1958-1962 and received an A.B. in Social Relations and was awarded membership in Phi Beta Kappa. She attended Harvard University from 1962-1963 and the Institute d'Etudes Pedagogues at the University of Dakar, Senegal from 1963-1964. Her graduate school advisor was Jerome Bruner. Greenfield received her Ph.D from Harvard University in Social Psychology/Personality Research in 1966. In 1967, Greenfield received the First Award in the Creative Talent Awards Program of the American Institutes for Research for her dissertation entitled "Culture, concepts, and conservation: A comparative study of cognitive development in Senegal." Career Greenfield is known for her cross-cultural work on child development and her exceptional teaching in the field of psychology. The numerous teaching awards she has received include the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientist Lecturer (2013), American Psychological Foundation, Distinguished Teaching in Psychology Award, American Psychological Association (1992), and Society for the Teaching of Psychology (APA, Division 2) Teaching Award for 4-year Colleges and Universities (1986). Greenfield was appointed Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California (2004-2005), National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, Resident Scholar, School of American Research, Santa Fe (1999-2000), and Science Fellow of the Bunting Institute (1986-1987). She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society (renamed the Association for Psychological Science), the American Association of Applied Psychology, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. = Research = Greenfield is known for her research relating to cultural psychology and change, inspired by 35 years of work in Chiapas, Mexico. She is interested in how culture influences human development and shapes the way individuals think. Greenfield was awarded the 2005 R. L. Shep Award for best book of the year for Weaving Generations Together: Evolving Creativity in the Maya of Chiapas.Greenfield, P. M. (2004). Weaving generations together: Evolving creativity in the Maya of Chiapas. School of American Research Press This work aimed to understand patterns of cultural inheritance across generations. More recently, her project titled Bridging Cultures looks at the cross cultural aspects of education and focusing primarily on Latino immigrants. Greenfield's research, in collaboration with Joshua Smith, explored the structure of communication in early language development through diary reports and formal observations of two boys' usage of one-word verbal communication. Another line of research addressed the question of whether cross-cultural differences undermine the validity of ability tests applied outside of their culture of origin. In her publication, You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures,Greenfield, P. M. (1997). You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures. American Psychologist, 52(10), 1115. Greenfield discussed how to detect and adjust for cultural misunderstandings in assessments of intellectual ability. Her book Mind and Media examined the effects of television, video games and computers on child development. In this volume, she debated how social media and television might impact a child's psychological understanding of their surroundings, which could motivate them to be more or less socially active. Her research has been funded by many organizations including the National Science Foundation, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the Spencer Foundation, the Markle Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), the Foundation for Psychocultural Research, and NATO. Personal life Greenfield married physician Sheldon Greenfield in 1965, with whom she had two children, a daughter named Lauren, born in 1966, and a son named Matthew, born in 1968. References External links *UCLA: Patricia Greenfield's faculty page *Patricia Greenfield's CV *UCLA: Children's Digital Media Center, Los Angeles Living people American psychologists University of California, Los Angeles faculty Radcliffe College alumni 1940 births "
"Alt is a semi-rural and suburban area lying on the borders of the towns of Oldham and Ashton-under-Lyne in Greater Manchester. Alt was formerly a civil parish within the Limehurst Rural District until its abolition in 1954 when its territory was divided between the towns of Oldham and Ashton Under Lyne.http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10331857/boundaryVision of Britain Retrieved 6 December 2016 The Alt Estate is a large housing estate built in the 1950s around the location of Alt Fold, one of several ancient hamlets that were situated in the area. The Holts Estate, also known as Holts Village, is also within the area of the civil parish. These estates lie within the Oldham part of Alt in the north of the parish area. Etymology The name Alt is of Brittonic origin, and is derived from alt, meaning primarily "a cliff" or "a steep height or hill" (c.f. Gaelic and Welsh allt). History Alt is located in the historic parish of Ashton–under–Lyne. Historically part of the Hundred of Salford. The favourable topography of the old settlement (above the river) and the nearby find of a Bronze Age flint adze suggest that the area may have been occupied in prehistoric times. During the Roman period the land was probably cleared of timber for cultivation, but by about AD 550 woodland regeneration suggests a reduced population and a decline in the climate. The land was once more cleared, probably between AD 610 and 740, and finally in about AD 850. At Domesday in AD 1086, Alt was probably a manor within the parish of Ashton. It is first recorded in the 1200s when Thomas, son of William of Alt claimed land in Palden; the name may derive from the Old Welsh for allt hill or ‘village amongst the hills'. The Old Welsh name of allt suggests the area had an existing population, a community that had survived the Anglo Saxon colonisation of the area in the 7th century AD. The name may also refer to Alder trees in the manor, locally once called owlers. The hamlet of Alt Fold was situated at the junction of Sommerfield View, Alt Lane and Alt Fold Drive. Originating in the medieval period, was a second hamlet at Pitses, located at the junction of Holts Lane and Abbey Hills Road. James Butterworth the Oldham historian described it in the early 1800s as ‘being surrounded by pools of water'. Throughout the medieval period the Alt area was probably arable land farmed in strips as part of an open field system, though it may also have included some pasture. Coal mining in Alt has been known from the early 1700s with pits in Alt and Fairbottom, whilst the name Pitses may indicate the presence of early coal pits. The abolition of Limehurst Rural District in 1954 enabled the County Borough of Oldham to extend development into the former semi rural area, building the Alt estate and its associated schools, playing fields etc. Development did not however encroach upon Alt Fold, though this ancient area was entirely cleared in the late 1960s.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:iSRQ8LA- PacJ:www.oldham.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/1149/oldham_rochdale_hmr_pathfinder_heritage_assessment_- _alt+&cd;=1&hl;=en&ct;=clnk≷=uk Alt, Final Report 2008 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Buildings South of the Alt Estate lies a semi rural area along Alt Lane. This area contains two grade II listed buildings, Alders Farmhouse and a row of early 19th century cottages known as 'Ten Houses'.http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/oldham/oldham#.WEWFS9KLTMx British Listed Buildings Retrieved 6 December 2016 Amenities A local primary school, Alt Academy, serves Alt Estate.http://www.alt.theharmonytrust.org/ Alt Academy Retrieved 6 December 2016 The Oldham Golf Club is located within the parish area.https://oldhamgolfclub.com/ Oldham Golf Club Retrieved 6 December 2016 Transport First Greater Manchester provides service 425 to Holts Village and to Fitton Hill via Glodwick and Oldham. Manchester Community Transport provides service 408 to Oldham via Glodwick and to Stalybridge via Hurst Cross.https://my.tfgm.com/#/timetables/ Retrieved 7 December 2016 References Areas of Oldham "