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"The Rheingold ('Rhinegold') was a named train that operated between Hoek van Holland, near Rotterdam, and Geneva, Switzerland (or Basel before 1965), a distance of , until 1987. Another section of the train started in Amsterdam and was coupled to the Hoek cars in Utrecht. The Rheingold ran along the Rhine River via Arnhem, Netherlands, and Cologne, Germany, using special luxury coaches. It was named after Richard Wagner's Das Rheingold opera, which romanticized the Rhine. From 1965 until the train's discontinuation in 1987, the Rheingold was a first-class-only Trans Europ Express (TEE) train. Route Geneva (Gare de Cornavin) – Basel SBB – Freiburg – Baden-Baden – Karlsruhe – Mannheim – Mainz – Cologne – Düsseldorf – Duisburg – Utrecht and then in separate trains continuing (still as the Rheingold) to both Hoek van Holland and Amsterdam. At Hoek van Holland, the train had timed connections for ship service to and from Harwich, England. The Geneva–Basel section was added in 1965 and was discontinued in 1980/82 (see later section for details). Pre- World War II Interior of a first class coach belonging to the Rheingold in September 1930 The first Rheingold, which was classified as a Fernschnellzug (FD) (trains FFD 101 and FFD 102), started service on May 15, 1928. In the Netherlands it was pulled by the NS 3700-3800-3900 steam locomotive series, in Germany by the Baureihen 183 (Badic IV h, between Mannheim and Basel) and BR 184-5 (Bavarian S 3/6, between Emmerich and Mannheim) and in Switzerland by Ae 4/7 electric locomotives. In 1930, the BR 01 (01 077-181) was used between Mannheim and Basel and permanently from 1935 on, and the NS 3900 in the Netherlands. The luxurious Pullman-type coaches had a distinct cream/blue livery in 1st and 2nd class, each measuring . At both ends (one behind the locomotive) there was a blue luggage wagon. Some cars had a kitchen, with one kitchen serving two cars. Mitropa waiters served the passengers. The cars were the most technically advanced the DRG had at that time, but were less advanced than the later (from 1939) Schürzenwagen (skirted coaches), typical World War II cars. The interiors were designed by artists and architects of the time, and besides being very luxurious were also very spacious. In total, there were 26 coaches and three luggage wagons per train consist. In these days, the trip took 11 hours. At first, the cars had the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft and MITROPA inscriptions with the DRG logo. Around 1931 the name RHEINGOLD was printed on the coaches and the locomotive tender, and the DRG logo remained. In the fall of 1939, due to the start of World War II, the train service was cancelled. Post-World War II The service was reestablished in 1951 as the Fernzug (F) Rheingold Express (train numbers F 163/164, later F 9/10 and F 21/22). Most cars survived the war but nevertheless the coaches in Western Germany were painted over and rebuilt to dining coaches (Gesellschaftwagen), long distance coaches (F trains) and short distance train coaches (D trains). The Rheingold now used skirted coaches and was pulled by the Deutsche Bundesbahn steam locomotives BR 01, BR 01.10, BR 03 and BR 03.10 and the BR 41 between Cologne and Kaldenkirchen. In 1954, "Express" was dropped from the train's name. TEE Rheingold Interior of a preserved ex-Rheingold dome car. In 1962, the Rheingold became established again as a link between Switzerland and the Netherlands on the pre-war route, and carrying first-class cars only. In 1965, it became a Trans Europ Express (or Trans-Europe Express). New rolling stock introduced starting in 1962 included dome cars, one per train, used only on the Rheingold and Rheinpfeil (Rhine Arrow). In Europe, the use of dome cars was unique to these two trains. After the Rheinpfeil was integrated into the Bundesbahn's new Intercity network in 1971, the TEE Erasmus began using the displaced dome cars, along with the Rheingold.Thomas Cook Continental Timetable (March 29–April 25, 1974 edition), p. 69, 466 The dome cars were withdrawn on 30 May 1976.Thomas Cook Continental Timetable (July 1976 edition), p. 75. Peterborough, England: Thomas Cook Publishing. The new cars, together with improvements to the track along parts of its route in the mid-1960s, made the Rheingold the fastest train in Germany. In 1964, the train was scheduled to cover the Freiburg – Karlsruhe section in 59 minutes, working out to an average speed of , which was the "fastest schedule in German rail history" up to that time. Until about 1972 the train's all-first-class, red-and-cream cars were pulled by Class E 10.12 electric locomotives painted in blue-and-cream, but later the red-and-cream Class 103 locomotives took over. The later years Preserved TEE Rheingold train set, including dome car, during a special excursion in 2007 With effect from the summer timetable in 1979 (on 27 May), the Rheingold ceased carrying any coaches to and from Hoek van Holland, with Amsterdam thereafter being the northern terminus for all Rheingold service.Thomas Cook International Timetable (May 27–June 30, 1979 edition), p. 6. Peterborough, England: Thomas Cook Publishing. The train's Bern–Geneva section was discontinued on 6 April 1980,Thomas Cook International Timetable (March 1–April 5, 1980 edition), pp. 72, 559. Peterborough, England: Thomas Cook Publishing. but was reinstated in autumn 1980 as winter-only service. The Basel–Geneva section was discontinued in 1982. However, during certain times of the year both before 1982 and continuing after, the train carried through coaches to Chur and (until 1985) Milan, which were attached to ordinary express trains south of Basel. Starting in 1983,Thomas Cook Continental Timetable (May 29–June 30, 1983 edition), pp. 6 and 66. Thomas Cook Publishing. the Rheingold had a branch to Munich, which separated at Mannheim from the main train (which continued south to Basel). It provided through TEE service between Amsterdam and Munich, also serving Heidelberg, Stuttgart and Augsburg, among other cities, en route. Until 1985, it operated during the summer timetable periods only (circa late May until late September each year). It was introduced on 29 May 1983 and ran until 24 September of that year. This variant was repeated the following summer and again in summer 1985, and then became year-round. During 1985 and 1986, this branch extended beyond Munich to serve one additional city, terminating in Salzburg, Austria. Although the Mannheim – Munich section became year-round at this time (mid-1985), the new Munich – Salzburg section ran only in summer, operating for the last time on 27 September 1986.Thomas Cook Continental Timetable (September 28–October 31, 1986 edition), pp. 6, 66. Operation of the Rheingold ended on May 30, 1987,Thomas Cook Continental Timetable (May 1–30, 1987 edition), pp. 51 and 66. Thomas Cook Publishing. after 59 years and 15 days. The TEE 6/7 was pulled by a BR 103. It was the last train of the TEE- system in Germany. One set of Rheingold coaches has been preserved by a private company in Switzerland, which are still used to operate steam-hauled excursions. A complete set of locomotive and blue and cream coaches has been restored by the Freundeskreis Eisenbahn Köln eV.rheingold-zug.com See also * Famous trains * History of rail transport in Germany * History of rail transport in the Netherlands * History of rail transport in Switzerland * List of named passenger trains of Europe * Rhinegold (film), 1978 West German drama film directed by Niklaus Schilling, set on the Rheingold train. References =Notes= =Bibliography= External links * Der Rheingold, personal enthusiast's page giving history by era. International named passenger trains Railway services introduced in 1928 Named passenger trains of Germany Named passenger trains of the Netherlands Named passenger trains of Switzerland Trans Europ Express Rhineland "
"Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing and typesetting software application produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers, presentations, books and ebooks. InDesign can also publish content suitable for tablet devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are the principal users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters, and print media. It also supports export to EPUB and SWF formats to create e-books and digital publications, including digital magazines, and content suitable for consumption on tablet computers. In addition, InDesign supports XML, style sheets, and other coding markup, making it suitable for exporting tagged text content for use in other digital and online formats. The Adobe InCopy word processor uses the same formatting engine as InDesign. History InDesign is the successor to Adobe PageMaker, which was acquired by Adobe with the purchase of Aldus in late 1994. (Freehand, a competitor to Adobe Illustrator and also made by Aldus, was sold to Altsys, the maker of Fontographer.) By 1998 Page Maker had lost almost the entire professional market to the comparatively feature-rich QuarkXPress 3.3, released in 1992, and 4.0, released in 1996. Quark stated its intention to buy out Adobe and to divest the combined company of PageMaker to avoid anti-trust issues. Adobe rebuffed the Quark offer and instead continued to work on a new page layout application. The project had been started by Aldus and was code-named "Shuksan". It was later code-named "K2" and was released as InDesign 1.0 in 1999. The new InDesign software was initially launched in the UK through a series of promotional hotel meetings. The marketing concentrated on mention of new software architecture — a small central software kernel (about 2Mb) to which add-ons would be bolted as the program's functionality expanded in later versions. This sounded impressive. However, the PS Printer Driver for InDesign 1.0 was an external app that tended to acquire frequent corruption problems, requiring periodic re-installs of this item. Copies of InDesign 1.5 were usually given away when it was found that a host of bugs had to be corrected. By InDesign 2.0 the temperamental Printer Driver became embedded within the main software. The celebrated 'kernel' architecture was never mentioned again. InDesign was the first Mac OS X-native desktop publishing (DTP) software. In version 3 (InDesign CS) it received a boost in distribution by being bundled with Photoshop, Illustrator, and Acrobat in Creative Suite. InDesign exports documents in Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF) and has multilingual support. It was the first DTP application to support Unicode for text processing, advanced typography with OpenType fonts, advanced transparency features, layout styles, optical margin alignment, and cross-platform scripting using JavaScript. Later versions of the software introduced new file formats. To support the new features, especially typographic, introduced with InDesign CS, both the program and its document format are not backward- compatible. Instead, InDesign CS2 introduced the INX (.inx) format, an XML- based document representation, to allow backwards compatibility with future versions. InDesign CS versions updated with the 3.1 April 2005 update can read InDesign CS2-saved files exported to the .inx format. The InDesign Interchange format does not support versions earlier than InDesign CS. With InDesign CS4, Adobe replaced INX with InDesign Markup Language (IDML), another XML-based document representation. Adobe worked on the provision of a 'Drag and Drop' feature and this became available after 2004 but was restricted to dropping graphics and images, not text. Adobe developed InDesign CS3 (and Creative Suite 3) as universal binary software compatible with native Intel and PowerPC Macs in 2007, two years after the announced 2005 schedule, inconveniencing early adopters of Intel-based Macs. Adobe CEO Bruce Chizen had announced that "Adobe will be first with a complete line of universal applications".San Francisco - Live Coverage of Steve Jobs Keynote 1:00PM EDT, June 6th, 2005, WWDC 2005 - Live Coverage of Keynote, The Mac Observer The CS2 Mac version had code tightly integrated to the PPC architecture, and not natively compatible with the Intel processors in Apple's new machines, so porting the products to another platform was more difficult than had been anticipated. Adobe developed the CS3 application integrating Macromedia products (2005), rather than recompiling CS2 and simultaneously developing CS3. By this time 'Drag and Drop' of type was made available. =InDesign and Leopard= InDesign CS3 initially had a serious compatibility issue with Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5), as Adobe stated: "InDesign CS3 may unexpectedly quit when using the Place, Save, Save As or Export commands using either the OS or Adobe dialog boxes. Unfortunately, there are no workarounds for these known issues." Apple fixed this with their OS X 10.5.4 update.Leopard 10.5.4 Fixes InDesign Nav Services Glitches By: Anne-Marinews e, June 30, 2008, InDesignSecrets =Server version= Adobe InDesign Server In October 2005, Adobe released InDesign Server CS2, a modified version of InDesign (without a user interface) for Windows and Macintosh server platforms. It does not provide any editing client; rather, it is for use by developers in creating client–server solutions with the InDesign plug-in technology. In March 2007 Adobe officially announced Adobe InDesign CS3 Server as part of the Adobe InDesign family. File format The MIME type is not official * File Open formats: indd, indl, indt, indb, inx, idml, pmd, xqx *New File formats: indd, indl, indb *File Save As formats: indd, indt *Save file format for InCopy: *# icma (Assignment file) *# icml (Content file, Exported file) *# icap (Package for InCopy) *# idap (Package for InDesign) Versions InDesign CS5 icon * InDesign 1.0 (codenamed Shuksan, then K2): August 31, 1999; * InDesign 1.0J (codenamed Hotaka): Japanese support; * InDesign 1.5 (codenamed Sherpa): April 2001; * InDesign 2.0 (codenamed Annapurna): January 2002 (just days before QuarkXPress 5). First version to support Mac OS X, native transparencies and drop shadows; * InDesign CS (codenamed Dragontail) and InDesign CS Page Maker Edition (3.0): October 2003; * InDesign CS2 (4.0) (codenamed Firedrake): May 2005; * InDesign Server (codenamed Bishop): October 2005; * InDesign CS3 (5.0) (codenamed Cobalt): April 2007. First version to support Intel-based Macs, regular expression and table styles; * InDesign CS3 Server (codenamed Xenon): May 2007; * InDesign CS4 (6.0) (codenamed Basil): October 2008; * InDesign CS4 Server (codenamed Thyme); * InDesign CS5 (7.0) (codenamed Rocket): April 2010; * InDesign CS6 (8.0) (codenamed Athos): April 23, 2012; (Last 32-bit version, last perpetually licensed version) * InDesign CC (9.2) (codenamed Citius): January 15, 2014; * InDesign CC 2014 (10) (codenamed Sirius): June 18, 2014; * InDesign CC 2014.1 (10.1): October 6, 2014; * InDesign CC 2014.2 (10.2): February 11, 2015; * InDesign CC 2015 (11.0): June 15, 2015; * InDesign CC 2015.1 (11.1): August 11, 2015; * InDesign CC 2015.2 (11.2): November 30, 2015; * InDesign CC 2015.4 (11.4): June 20, 2016; * InDesign CC 2017 (12.0): November 2, 2016; * InDesign CC 2017.1 (12.1): April 14, 2017; * InDesign CC 2018 (13.0): October 18, 2017; * InDesign CC 2018 (13.0.1): November 2017; * InDesign CC 2018.1 (13.1): March 2018. * InDesign CC 2018.2 (13.2): March 2018. * InDesign CC 2019 (14.0.1): November 2018. * InDesign CC 2019 (14.0.2): April 2019. * InDesign CC 2019 (14.0.3.433): September 2019. * InDesign CC 2020 (15.0): November 2019. * InDesign CC 2020 (15.0.1): December 2019. * InDesign CC 2020 (15.1 and 15.1.1 a few days later): June 2020. Introduces “Share for Review” feature enabling nonusers to add comments in a way similar to a PDF. Newer versions can, as a rule, open files created by older versions, but the reverse is not true. Current versions can export the InDesign file as an IDML file (InDesign Markup Language), which can be opened by InDesign versions from CS4 upwards; older versions from CS4 down can export to an INX file (InDesign Interchange format). Internationalization and localization InDesign Middle Eastern editions come with special settings for laying out Arabic or Hebrew text. They feature: * Text settings: Special settings for laying out Arabic or Hebrew text, such as: *# Ability to use Arabic, Persian or Hindi digits; *# Use kashidas for letter spacing and full justification; *# Ligature option; *# Adjust the position of diacritics, such as vowels of the Arabic script; *# Justify text in three possible ways: Standard, Arabic, Naskh; *# Option to insert special characters, including Geresh, Gershayim, Maqaf for Hebrew and Kashida for Arabic texts; *# Apply standard, Arabic or Hebrew styles for page, paragraph and footnote numbering. * Bi-directional text flow: The notion of right-to-left behavior applies to several objects: Story, paragraph, character and table. It allows mixing right-to-left and left-to-right words, paragraphs and stories in a document. It is possible to change the direction of neutral characters (e.g. / or ?) according to the user's keyboard language. * Table of contents: Provides a set of table of contents titles, one for each supported language. This table is sorted according to the chosen language. InDesign CS4 Middle Eastern versions allows users to choose the language of the index title and cross-references. * Indices: Allows creating of a simple keyword index or a somewhat more detailed index of the information in the text using embedded indexing codes. Unlike more sophisticated programs, InDesign is incapable of inserting character style information as part of an index entry (e.g., when indexing book, journal or movie titles). Indices are limited to four levels (top level and three sub- levels). Like tables of contents, indices can be sorted according to the selected language. * Importing and exporting: Can import QuarkXPress files up to version 4.1 (1999), even using Arabic XT, Arabic Phonyx or Hebrew XPressWay fonts, retaining the layout and content. Includes 50 import/export filters, including a Microsoft Word 97-98-2000 import filter and a plain text import filter. Exports IDML files which can be read by QuarkXPress 2017. * Reverse layout: Include a reverse layout feature to reverse the layout of a document, when converting a left-to-right document to a right-to-left one or vice versa. * Complex script rendering: InDesign supports Unicode character encoding, with Middle East editions supporting complex text layout for Arabic and Hebrew types of complex script. The underlying Arabic and Hebrew support is present in the Western editions of InDesign CS4, CS5, CS5.5 and CS6, but the user interface is not exposed, so it is difficult to access. User groups InDesign has spawned 86 user groups in 36 countries with a total membership of over 51,000. See also * Creative Cloud controversy * Scribus, a free, cross-platform and non-proprietary alternative to Adobe InDesign * Tasmeem, an Arabic enhancement References External links * 1999 software Indesign Indesign Desktop publishing software Graphics software Typesetting software Classic Mac OS software DTP for MacOS DTP for Windows "
"Alexios IV Angelos or Alexius IV Angelus () (c. 1182 – 8 February 1204) was Byzantine Emperor from August 1203 to January 1204. He was the son of Emperor Isaac II Angelos and his first wife, an unknown Palaiologina, who became a nun with the name Irene. His paternal uncle was his predecessor Emperor Alexios III Angelos. Prince in exile The young Alexios was imprisoned in 1195 when Alexios III overthrew Isaac II in a coup. In 1201, two Pisan merchants were employed to smuggle Alexios out of Constantinople to the Holy Roman Empire, where he took refuge with his brother-in-law Philip of Swabia,Philip was married to Irene Angelina a sister of Alexios IV. King of Germany. According to the contemporary account of Robert of Clari it was while Alexios was at Swabia's court that he met with Marquis Boniface of Montferrat, Philip's cousin, who had been chosen to lead the Fourth Crusade, but had temporarily left the Crusade during the siege of Zara in 1202 to visit Philip. Boniface and Alexios allegedly discussed diverting the Crusade to Constantinople so that Alexios could be restored to his father's throne. Montferrat returned to the Crusade while it wintered at Zara and he was shortly followed by Prince Alexios's envoys who offered to the Crusaders 10,000 Byzantine soldiers to help fight in the Crusade, maintain 500 knights in the Holy Land, the service of the Byzantine navy (20 ships) in transporting the Crusader army to Egypt, as well as money to pay off the Crusaders' debt to the Republic of Venice with 200,000 silver marks. Additionally, he promised to bring the Greek Orthodox Church under the authority of the pope. The Venetians and most of the Leaders were in favour of the plan; however, some were not, and there were defections, including Simon of Montfort. In 1202 the fleet arrived at Constantinople. Alexios was paraded outside the walls, but the citizens were apathetic, as Alexios III, though a usurper and illegitimate in the eyes of the westerners, was an acceptable emperor for the Byzantine citizens. Emperor Alexios comes to Zara to request the assistance of the Crusaders; sketch from a painting in the Doge's Palace, Venice On 18 July 1203 the Crusaders launched an assault on the city, and Alexios III immediately fled into Thrace. The next morning the Crusaders were surprised to find that the citizens had released Isaac II from prison and proclaimed him emperor, despite the fact that he had been blinded to make him ineligible to rule. The Crusaders could not accept this, and forced Isaac II to proclaim his son Alexios IV co-emperor on 1 August. Despite Alexios' grand promises, Isaac, the more experienced and practical of the two, knew that the Crusaders' debt could never be repaid from the imperial treasury. Alexios, however, had apparently not grasped how far the empire's financial resources had fallen during the previous fifty years. Alexios did manage to raise half the sum promised (100,000 silver marks), by appropriating treasures from the church and by confiscating the property of his enemies. He then attempted to defeat his uncle Alexios III, who remained in control of Thrace. The sack of some Thracian towns helped Alexios' situation a little, but meanwhile hostility between the restive Crusaders and the inhabitants of Constantinople was growing. In December 1203 violence exploded between the citizens of Constantinople and the Crusaders. Enraged mobs seized and brutally murdered any foreigner they could lay hands upon, and the Crusaders felt that Alexios had not fulfilled his promises to them. Alexios refused their demands, and is quoted as saying, "I will not do any more than I have done." While relations with the Crusaders were deteriorating, Alexios had become deeply unpopular with the Greek citizenry, and with his own father. Blinded and nearly powerless, Isaac II resented having to share the throne with his son; he spread rumours of Alexios' supposed sexual perversity, alleging he kept company with "depraved men". The chronicler Nicetas Choniates dismissed Alexios as "childish" and criticized his familiarity with the Crusaders and his lavish lifestyle. At the beginning of January 1204, Alexios IV retaliated against the Crusaders by setting fire to 17 ships filled with inflammable materials and sending them against the Venetian fleet, but the attempt failed. Deposition and death At the end of January 1204, the populace of Constantinople rebelled and tried to proclaim a rival emperor Nicholas Canabus who took sanctuary in the bowels of the Hagia Sophia. Alexios IV attempted to reach a reconciliation with the Crusaders, entrusting the anti-western courtier Alexios Doukas Murzuphlus with a mission to gain Crusader support. However, Alexios Doukas imprisoned both Alexios IV and his father on the night of 27–28 January 1204. Isaac II died soon afterwards, possibly of old age or from poison, and Alexios IV was strangled on 8 February. Alexios Doukas was proclaimed emperor as Alexios V. During Alexios IV's brief reign, the empire's territories along the Black Sea coast declared independence, leading to the Byzantine successor state known as the Empire of Trebizond. The volatile situation in Constantinople at the time ensured that the empire had neither the resources nor wherewithal to maintain control of Trebizond, resulting in a de facto recognition of its Independence, although de jure it remained an Imperial possession. In popular culture Alexios IV is mentioned in the "Map of the Seven Knights" episode of the 5th season of the Grimm TV series. He is mentioned as a pro-Crusader. See also *List of Byzantine emperors Notes References * Angold, Michael, The Fourth Crusade (London and New York, 2004). * Brand, C.M., 'A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade', Speculum, 43 (1968), pp. 462–75. * Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades (2nd ed. London and New York, 2014). * Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 65-66. * Phillips, Jonathan, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople (London and New York, 2004). Alexios 04 1180s births 1204 deaths 12th-century Byzantine people 13th-century Byzantine emperors 13th-century murdered monarchs Alexios IV Angelos Deaths by strangulation Eastern Orthodox monarchs Byzantine prisoners and detainees Assassinated Byzantine emperors "