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"Throne used by the sovereign of Monaco The succession to the throne of the Principality of Monaco is currently governed by Princely Law 1.249 of 2 April 2002. Eligibility Under the constitution of Monaco, the crown passes according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture. Only persons descended from the reigning monarch and the reigning monarch's siblings and their descendants, whose parents have been married at some point with the monarch's approval, and who are Monegasque citizens are eligible. Children born as a result of adultery are permanently excluded. A dynast forfeits succession rights if he or she marries without the monarch's permission, along with descendants of the unapproved marriage, but can be restored into the line of succession if the marriage produces no issue and ends before the demise of the crown.Monaco Should no one be eligible to succeed according to the succession laws, a council of regency takes power until the Crown Council elects a new monarch from among the more distant descendants of the House of Grimaldi. Line of succession The list below includes only persons eligible to succeed to the throne (numbered 1 to 16) and the illegitimate children who would enter the line if their parents ever married. *15px Prince Rainier III (1923–2005) **15px Prince Albert II (b. 1958) *** Alexandre Grimaldi-Coste (b. 2003) *** (1) Hereditary Prince Jacques (b. 2014) *** (2) Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès (b. 2014) ** (3) Caroline, Princess of Hanover (b. 1957) *** (4) Andrea Casiraghi (b. 1984) **** (5) Alexandre (Sasha) Casiraghi (b. 2013) **** (6) Maximilian Casiraghi (b. 2018) **** (7) India Casiraghi (b. 2015) *** (8) Pierre Casiraghi (b. 1987) **** (9) Stefano Casiraghi (b. 2017) **** (10) Francesco Casiraghi (b. 2018) *** (11) Charlotte Casiraghi (b. 1986) **** Raphaël Elmaleh (b. 2013) **** (12) Balthazar Rassam (b. 2018) *** (13) Princess Alexandra of Hanover (b. 1999) ** (14) Princess Stéphanie (b. 1965) *** (15) Louis Ducruet (b. 1992) ***(16) Pauline Ducruet (b. 1994) *** Camille Gottlieb (b. 1998) A person born to a dynast who was not married to the other parent at the time of birth (such as Alexandre Grimaldi-Coste, Camille Gottlieb or Raphaël Elmaleh) does not have any succession rights unless legitimized by his or her parents' subsequent marriage (Civil Code 229 states: "Les enfants légitimés par le mariage subséquent auront les mêmes droits que s'ils étaient nés de ce mariage"). Louis and Pauline Ducruet, Alexandre (Sasha) Casiraghi and Balthazar Rassam have been legitimised by their parents' subsequent marriages. Jazmin Grace Grimaldi cannot be legitimated through her parents subsequent marriage because her mother's divorce proceedings were not finalized by the time of Jazmin's birth. As such, Jazmin is legally the product of adultery and cannot be legitimated through the subsequent marriage of her biological parents. 2002 changes Until 2002, the crown of Monaco could only pass to the direct descendants, including adopted children, of the reigning prince. As a result, Princess Antoinette was not in the line of succession and Princesses Caroline and Stéphanie would have lost their places in line at the moment of Prince Albert's accession, and there would be no further dynasts eligible to succeed to the throne. This possibility had two implications, namely that a) the throne might fall vacant and Monaco might officially become a protectorate of France should Prince Albert inherit the crown and then die without fathering or adopting a legitimate heir or b) Prince Albert might adopt an unrelated person as his heir, thereby breaking the genealogical line of the House of Grimaldi. In 2002, changes were made to the Constitution of Monaco which eliminated that concern by excluding adopted children from the line of succession and providing that, if the sovereign has no legitimate child, the crown passes to one of the dynastic siblings of the sovereign or, if not living, to one of their legitimate descendants. See also *List of rulers of Monaco *List of heirs to the Monegasque throne *Monaco succession crisis of 1918 References External links * Constitution of the Principality Monegasque throne *Line of succession Line of succession "
"The year 1971 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Events * July 19 – The South Tower of the World Trade Center, by Minoru Yamasaki, is topped out at 1,362 feet (415 m), making it the second tallest building in the world. Buildings and structures =Buildings opened= Courts of Justice building in Valletta, Malta *January 9 – Courts of Justice building in Valletta, Malta *February 26 – Rothko Chapel in Houston, Texas, United States, designed by Mark Rothko and Philip Johnson. *May 1 – Näsinneula tower in Tampere, Finland. *May 9 – Peace Candle of the World, Scappoose, Oregon, USA. * August – Meritus Mandarin Singapore Hotel Tower 1 in Singapore, designed by Stanley T. S. Leong. *October 16 – Azadi Tower, originally Shahyad Tower, Tehran, Iran, designed by Hossein Amanat =Buildings completed= New Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, USA * April – Hillbrow Tower in Johannesburg, South Africa. * May – New Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes. * Marsham Towers, three 20-storey tower blocks for the Department of the Environment atop a 5-storey linking building at Marsham Street in Westminster, London, designed by Eric Bedford (demolished 2002–03). * Mausoleum of Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco. * Maupoleum in Amsterdam, designed by Piet Zanstra (demolished 1994). * Danmarks Nationalbank headquarters, Copenhagen, designed by Arne Jacobsen with Hans Dissing and Otto Weitling. * Carmel de la Paix in Mazille, Saône-et-Loire, France, designed by Josep Lluís Sert. * Fred. Olsen Lines terminal, London Docklands, the first major design of Foster Associates. * Summerland Leisure Complex in Douglas, Isle of Man (destroyed by fire 1973). * Ukrainian Institute of Scientific Research and Development, Kiev, designed by L. Novikov and F. Yurijev. * Redcar Library, England, designed by Ahrends, Burton and Koralek (demolished 2011). * Anderton House, Rigg Side, Goodleigh, North Devon, England, designed by Peter Aldington and John Craig. * Usdan Student Center, Brandeis University, designed by Hugh Stubbins Awards *AIA Gold Medal – Louis Kahn *Architecture Firm Award – Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. *RAIA Gold Medal – Frederick Lucas *RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Hubert de Cronin Hastings *Twenty-five Year Award – Crow Island School Births *May 7 – Marco Casagrande, Finnish architect, environmental artist, architectural theorist, writer and professor of architecture *May 17 – Martin Aunin, Estonian architect *Carlo Ratti, Italian-born architect and urban theorist *Rocio Romero, Chilean-born architect Deaths *March 24 – Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect and designer (born 1902) *August 1 – Vincent Harris, English architect (born 1876) *August 28 – Edith Hughes, Britain's first professionally practising woman architect (born 1888) *October 16 – Robin Boyd, Australian architect (born 1919) *November 23 – Bertalan Árkay, Hungarian architect (born 1901) References 20th-century architecture "
"Albert Marth. Albert Marth (May 5, 1828 – August 6, 1897)Roger Hutchins, ‘Marth, Albert (1828–1897)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 4 Jan 2013 was a German astronomer who worked in England and Ireland. Life After studying theology at the University of Berlin, his interest in astronomy and mathematics led him to study astronomy under C. A. F. Peters at the University of Königsberg. Marth went to England in 1853 to work for George Bishop, a rich wine merchant and patron of astronomy, who financed a London observatory (in operation from 1836 to 1861). At that time, paid jobs in astronomy were quite rare. He worked as William Lassell's assistant in Malta, discovering 600 nebulae. He also discovered one of the earlier asteroids found, 29 Amphitrite, and the galaxies NGC 3, NGC 4 and NGC 15. He also did work in double stars, discovering NGC 30 in 1864. From 1883 to 1897 he worked at the Markree Observatory in Ireland where he was the second director appointed in its second period of operation. He made extensive ephemerides of solar system bodies. He even performed calculations of transits of various planets from other planets, predicting transits of Earth from Mars and many others. Craters on the Moon and Mars are named for him. The crater Marth on the Moon is about 3 km in diameter. References External links * A. Marth @ Astrophysics Data System 1828 births 1897 deaths 19th-century astronomers German astronomers Discoverers of asteroids Recipients of the Lalande Prize "