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"Manoël Dall'igna (born 12 March 1985) is a French rugby sevens forward who competed at the 2016 Olympics. References 1985 births Living people Rugby sevens players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic rugby sevens players of France France international rugby sevens players "
"Gerishon Kamau Kirima was a major Kenyan real estate investor and a former Member of Parliament. Early life Kirima was born in Kiruri village, a tea- growing area of Murang’a County on the slopes of the Aberdares. He dropped out of school at an early age. Business Kirima relocated from his village to the Kinangop Plateau where he started a carpentry business. In the early 1960s after Kenya had attained independence, he moved to Nairobi and registered his business Kirima and Sons Ltd. He was the pioneer carpenter at the University of Nairobi and operated a small workshop in Bahati and later on in Kaloleni. His first wife, Agnes, would help attend to customers at the Kaloleni workshop. Taking advantage of the rural-urban migration to Nairobi that resulted from the dawn of independence and the end of the state of emergency, Kirima opened bars and butcheries in Asian and African neighborhoods to cater for the growing moneyed class. He is considered a pioneer of nyama choma, a popular Kenyan delicacy. By 1967, and to the surprise of the better educated African civil servants, Kirima had saved enough money to buy 500 acres of land in Nairobi from an Italian Donenico Masi. In the same year, Kirima bought two more farms in Nairobi - 108 acres from Charles Case and 472 acres from Percy Randall. With these acquisitions, Kirima had positioned himself to be a major meat supplier for Nairobi. As chairman of the African Butchers Association (later the Kenya National Butchers Union), he successfully lobbied the government for permission to sell meat in the city, a privilege that was hitherto reserved for the still settler-controlled Kenya Meat Commission (KMC) which did not buy meat from African farmers. Kirima started a private abattoir in Njiru, a development that some believe led to the eventual collapse of the KMC years later. He would venture into the transport business by launching the Kirima Bus Services. However, the business didn't last long following the liberalization of upcountry transportation by the government in 1973. He opted to focus on real estate mostly concentrating on building rental housing in the low income Eastlands area of Nairobi. Political career Kirima served for many years as a city councilor and briefly as deputy mayor. In 1989, Starehe Constituency Member of Parliament Kiruhi Kimondo was dismissed by his party KANU in 1989. By-elections were held the same year. Kirima contested the seat on a KANU ticket and won. He remained in office until the 1992 General Elections when he lost the seat to his predecessor Kimondo. Personal life Kirima had 3 wives, several children and many grandchildren. Death Diabetic and partially blind, Gerishon Kirima died on 28 December 2010 while undergoing treatment in South Africa. He was 80 years old. References External links * Makers of a Nation - Gerishon Kirima Year of birth missing 2010 deaths People from Muranga County Kenyan businesspeople "
"Barbarian kingdoms in Europe and North Africa in 476 AD Barbarian kingdoms in 526 before reconquest under Justinian I; also shown are the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Germanic and Celtic tribes outside of the territory of the former Western Empire. 6th-century Visigothic coin, struck in the name of (eastern emperor) Justinian I. Coins struck in the name of the emperor remained common well into the 6th century. Michael Frassetto, The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne vol. 1 "Coins and Coinage", p. 203. Europe in 814 AD The barbarian kingdoms were kingdoms dominated by northern European tribes established all over the Mediterranean after the Barbarian Invasions from late antiquity to the early middle ages. The term "barbarian" has been commonly used by historians. Other terms used include "Northern European kingdoms", "Romano-northern European kingdoms",Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800, Oxford (2005). and "post-Roman kingdoms". Time frames Historically, the period of the Barbarian kingdoms spans the years from 409 to 910. It begins in 409 with several Barbarian kingdoms being established on the Iberian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Suebi, the Alani Kingdom, and territories of Hasdingi and the Vandals. It ends with the partition of the Kingdom of Asturias in 910, a kingdom founded by a Visigothic nobleman Pelagius of Asturias on the Iberian peninsula that by the time of its dissolution had a majority speaking Vulgar Latin and only a scarce population speaking Visigothic and Vandalic varieties of the East Germanic languages. Kingdoms The most important and most successful of these kingdoms was that of the Franks. Established in the 4th to 5th century, the Frankish kingdom grew to include much of Western Europe, developing into the early medieval Carolingian Empire and ultimately the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire of the high medieval period and beyond. The Frankish Realm continued until 843, when it was partitioned. Realms resulting from this event included West Francia (predecessor of modern France), Middle Francia and East Francia (predecessor of modern Germany). Other major kingdoms included those of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths; both were established in the 5th century. The Ostrogothic kingdom was re-conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in the 550s, while the Visigothic kingdom survived into the 8th century, but finally fell to the Muslim invasion of Hispania. The Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy was established in the 6th century and conquered by the Franks in 774. Various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existed in medieval England. The Alemannic Kingdom was established in the 3rd century; it became a duchy subject to the Franks in 496, although this overlordship was at times nominal and Alemannia remained semi-independent until the 8th century. The Vandal Kingdom existed in Africa and Sicily from 435 until 534. The kingdoms of the Burgundians and of the Suebi were established in the early 5th century, and fell to the Franks and the Visigoths, respectively, in the 6th century. In the Eastern and Southeastern parts of Europe formatted dominant Barbarian states as the Hunnic Empire (370–469), the Avar Khaganate (567–after 822), Old Great Bulgaria (632–668), the Khazar Khaganate (c. 650–969), Bulgaria (founded by Asparuh in 680), Volga Bulgaria (7th century–1240s) and Kievan Rus' (879–1240), all of them constantly rivaling the hegemony of the Byzantine Empire and the rest of Europe. Significance The barbarian kingdoms marked the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages in the 6th and 7th centuries, gradually replacing the Roman system of government on the lands of the Western Roman Empire, notably in the two western prefectures of Gaul and Italy.Kidner et al. (eds.), Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture vol. 1 (2009), 198-203\. J. Herrmann, E.- Zürcher (eds.), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., UNESCO (1996), p. 255. These kingdoms were ' of the Roman Empire, and even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 they continued to at least nominally consider themselves subject to the Eastern Emperor. These historical ties with the empire were weakened in the later 6th century, with the loss of much of the western possessions of the empire under Justin II and the waning power projection by the empire, weakened by its wars with the Persians and the Arab invasion. As a result, the "barbarian kingdoms" by the 7th to 8th centuries developed the system of feudalism characteristic of the European Middle Ages. The title of "emperor" was revived in the west by Charlemagne in AD 800\. At the same time, the Carolingian Renaissance developed the notion of Europe as a geopolitical entity with a history separate from that of the wider Mediterranean region. Meanwhile, in Southeastern Europe was present the Byzantine Macedonian Renaissance (867–1056). Simeon I of Bulgaria was officially recognized as Emperor (Tsar in Bulgarian) of the Bulgarians by the Patriarch of Constantinople Nicholas in the Blachernae Palace.Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, pp. 144–148. Similar to the proceses that occurred with Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance, the reign of Simeón I the Great and the Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture (889—927), the invention of the Cyrillic script and the use of Old Bulgarian as liturgical and written language, opened new horizons for Slavic states and people. See also *Early Middle Ages *Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty *History of Europe *Migration Period *Dark Ages (historiography) *Core Europe *Germanic Europe *Latin Church *Germanic Christianity *Germanic Heroic Age *Romano- Germanic culture *Timeline of Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula References Further reading *Walter Pohl (ed.), Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity, BRILL (1997). *Michael Frassetto, Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation, ABC- CLIO (2003). *Thomas F. X. Noble (ed.), From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms, Routledge (2006) *Danuta Shanzer (ed.), Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity, Routledge, (2016). *Guy Halsall, Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West 450-900, Routledge (2008). *Robert A. Markus "From Rome to the Barbarian Kingdoms (330-700)" in: John McManners (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, OUP (2001), Oxford, 62-91\. *David Rollason, Early Medieval Europe 300-1050: The Birth of Western Society, Routledge (2014). *Chris Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800, Oxford (2005). External links *Mike Markowitz, Ancient Coins: Coinage of the Barbarian Invaders, CoinWeek (8 September 2014) 5th century 6th century in Europe 7th century in Europe Migration Period "