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"Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis was a 14th - 15th century Scottish soldier and said to be 12th chief of the Clan Munro in the Scottish Highlands. Hugh was seated at Foulis Castle in Ross-shire, Scotland. Although Hugh is traditionally the 9th Baron and 12th overall chief of the clan, he is only the 2nd Munro chief that can be proved by contemporary evidence.Munro, R. W. (1978). The Munro Tree 1734. Published in Edinburgh. pp. 3 - on opposite unnumbered page - paragraph L. . Lands and Charters Hugh Munro was the eldest son of Robert de Munro, 8th Baron of Foulis (d.1369). Upon his father's death Hugh succeeded as chief of the clan and he was granted from his cousin, Uilleam III, Earl of Ross, charters for the lands of Katewell and the Tower of Badgarvie in the parish of Kiltearn. The following year in 1370 Hugh was granted more lands from the same Earl including Inverlael in Loch Broom, Kilmachalmack in Strath-Oykel, Carbisdale in Strathcarron, lands in the parish of Kincardine, Sutherland and was also reserved the salmon fishing in the Kyle of Oykel for himself and his heirs.Mackenzie, Alexander. (1898). History of the Munros of Fowlis. pp. 13 - 17. In 1379 Euphemia I, Countess of Ross confirmed the lands of Contullich and the Tower of Ardoch (Contullich Castle) to her cousin Hugh Munro of Foulis and in 1394 she granted Hugh two charters, one in respect of the "Tower of Strathschech" and "Wesstir Fowlys".Fraser, C. I of Reeling. (1954). The Clan Munro. Published by Johnston & Bacon of Stirling. pp.17 - 19. . Quoting: Hugh MacDonald, Highland Papers, Vol 1, Scottish History Society. Harlaw and the Lord of the Isles In 1411 Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis joined Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles the chief of Clan Donald in contest with Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany and Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar for the Earldom of Ross. This resulted in the Battle of Harlaw. The Munros fought in the Lord of the Isles 'host' against an army of Scottish Lowlanders led by the Duke of Albany who was temporarily prevented from gaining power in Ross-shire.Monroe, James Phinney. (1900). A Sketch of the Clan Munro and William Munroe, Deported from Scotland, settled in Lexington, Massachusetts. pp. 14. The result of the battle has been a matter of argument amongst many historians. Some have said that Donald and the Highlanders had victory as the Duke of Albany did not return to the Highlands for four years until 1415. Others say that Donald failed to inflict a decisive victory because he withdrew back to the western highlands. The battle seems to have been indecisive for both sides. In 1415 the Earldom of Ross was resigned to the Duke of Albany who in turn awarded it to his son the John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan. However it would pass to the Lord of the Isles within a generation. Family Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis married Isabelle Keith daughter of William Keith, 1st Earl Marischal, also known as the Great Marishchal of Scotland. They had 4 children: #George Munro, 10th Baron of Foulis. Hugh's heir and successor as chief of the Clan Munro. #John Munro, 1st of Milntown. Progenitor of the Munro of Milntown branch of the clan. #Janet Munro. Married Malcolm Og MacKintosh, a cadet of the MacKintoshes of Dunachton, Clan Mackintosh. #Elizabeth Munro. Married Neil MacKay, 8th chief of the Clan MacKay. Hugh Munro died in 1425 and was buried at Chanonry. In the years following Hugh's death, during the chieftenship of his eldest son George Munro, King James I of Scotland returned from captivity in England and took strong measures to restore order in the Highlands. He came to Inverness in 1427 and seized Mary, Countess of Ross and her son Alexander MacDonald, Lord of the Isles as well as many other prominent highlanders who were punished in various ways. Among these no Munros are named. However, there is a “letter of remission", signed under the Great Seal dated 24 August 1428. In the letter twenty eight named individuals are freed for crimes they had committed in the past and the first five names on the list are all Munros. References People from Ross and Cromarty 1425 deaths Hugh Munro, 9th Baron of Foulis Year of birth unknown "
"Gilbert (died 1253) was a 13th-century Cistercian monk, abbot and bishop. His first appearance in the sources occurs under the year 1233, for which year the Chronicle of Melrose reported that "Sir Gilbert, the abbot of Glenluce, resigned his office, in the chapter of Melrose; and there he made his profession".Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 489. It is not clear why Gilbert really did resign the position of Abbot of Glenluce, head of Glenluce Abbey in Galloway, in order to become a mere brother at Melrose Abbey; nor is it clear for how long Gilbert had been abbot, though his latest known predecessor is attested last on 27 May 1222.Watt & Shead, Head of Religious Houses, p. 86. After going to there, Gilbert became the Master of the Novices at Melrose.Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 495. The Melrose Chronicle tells us that "Sir Gilbert, master of the novices at Melrose, and formerly abbot of Glenluce, was elected bishop by the whole people and the clergy on Galloway, excepting the prior and the convent of Whithorn". This occurred on the first Sunday of Lent, i.e. on Sunday 25 February 1235.Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128. The Melrose Chronicle however, supportive of Gilbert and his election, failed to note the significance of those who did not elect him, as the "prior and convent" of Whithorn believed that they enjoyed the right of election, and it is not clear who in Galloway actually did support Gilbert's election except the Archdeacon of Galloway, Michael.Oram, Lordship of Galloway, p. 183, 184; Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128 The Prior of Whithorn and the canons of Whithorn Priory chose to elect, on 11 March, their own candidate, Odo Ydonc; the latter was himself a fellow Premonstratensian and canon of Whithorn, and was formerly Abbot of Dercongal.Dowden, Bishops, p. 356; Oram, Lordship of Galloway, p. 183; Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128. The "election" of Gilbert was supported by King Alexander II of Scotland, who gave his assent to the election on 23 April.Dowden, Bishops, p. 356; Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128. Richard Oram and other historians argue that Gilbert was actually forwarded by King Alexander, part of a general effort to impose "Scottish" [i.e. crown] control on Galloway in the aftermath of the annexation of the province following the death of Alan, Lord of Galloway, and amidst the Galwegian revolt of 1235 led by Gille Ruadh.Oram, Lordship of Galloway, pp. 141-6, 182-3. There proceeded various appeals to both the Archbishop of York and the Pope himself; despite the protests of the canons and their argument about the "illegality" of Gilbert's election, Gilbert secured consecration by Archbishop Walter de Gray at York on 2 September.Oram, Lordship of Galloway, p. 184; Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128. An investigation by Pope Gregory IX had already been started, on 9 June, in which the Pope had issued a mandate to the Bishop of Rathlure, the Bishop of Raphoe, and the Archdeacon of Raphoe, authorising them to investigate the legality of Odo's election, and if they found it to have accorded with canon law, to consecrate him as Bishop of Galloway and compel Gilbert to restore everything he had taken; the results of this investigation are unknown, and Gilbert retained his bishopric.Dowden, Bishops, pp. 356-7. Gilbert's twelve-year episcopate left a few notices of his activity. He confirmed to Dryburgh Abbey the gift of the church of Sorbie granted by his predecessor Walter, amalgamating the two churches of Sobrie Minor and Sorbie Maior, and granting to that abbey the church of Borgue with provision for a vicar set aside.Dowden, Bishops, p. 357; Oram, Lordship of Galloway, p. 186. He was also active in England, particular in the Bishopric of Durham during vacancies in that bishopric, when Gilbert could perform episcopal functions there like granting indulgences and dedicating altars.Oram, Lordship of Galloway, p. 186. He died in 1253, his obituary being noted by both the Melrose Chronicle and the Lanercost Chronicle.Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 574; Dowden, Bishops, p. 357; Watt, Fasti Ecclesiae, p. 128. Notes References * Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History, 2 vols, (Edinburgh, 1922) * Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E., Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man, Second Edition, (London, 1976) * Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912) * Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924) * Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000) * Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969) * Watt, D. E. R.,& Shead, N.F. (eds.), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from the 12th to the 16th Centuries, The Scottish Records Society, New Series, Volume 24, (Edinburgh, 2001) 1253 deaths 13th-century Roman Catholic bishops Bishops of Galloway Scottish Cistercians Scottish abbots Year of birth unknown "
"Weld quality assurance is the use of technological methods and actions to test or assure the quality of welds, and secondarily to confirm the presence, location and coverage of welds. In manufacturing, welds are used to join two or more metal surfaces. Because these connections may encounter loads and fatigue during product lifetime, there is a chance they may fail if not created to proper specification. Weld testing and analysis Methods of weld testing and analysis are used to assure the quality and correctness of the weld after it is completed. This term generally refers to testing and analysis focused on the quality and strength of the weld, but may refer to technological actions to check for the presence, position and extent of welds. These are divided into destructive and non-destructive methods. A few examples of destructive testing include macro etch testing, fillet-weld break tests, transverse tension tests, and guided bend tests.http://www.esabna.com/us/en/education/knowledge/weldinginspection/Destructive- Testing-of-Welds.cfm Destructive Testing of Welds by ESAB Other destructive methods include acid etch testing, back bend testing, tensile strength break testing, nick break testing, and free bend testing.http://www.angelfire.com/my/welding/test.html Non-destructive methods include fluorescent penetrate tests, magnaflux tests, eddy current (electromagnetic) tests, hydrostatic testing, tests using magnetic particles, X-rays and gamma ray based methods and acoustic emission techniques. Other methods include ferrite and hardness testing. =Imaging-based methods= X-ray X-ray-based weld inspection may be manual, performed by an inspector on X-ray-based images or video, or automated using machine vision. Industrial radiography explained https://www.epa.gov/radtown/industrial- radiography Visible light imaging Inspection may be manual, conducted by an inspector using imaging equipment, or automated using machine vision. Since the similarity of materials between weld and workpiece, and between good and defective areas, provides little inherent contrast, the latter usually requires methods other than simple imaging. One (destructive) method involves the microscopic analysis of a cross section of the weld.http://www.clemex.com/pdf/reports/WeldingAnalysis692.pdf Welding Analysis – Image Analysis Report #692, Clemex Technologies Inc. =Ultrasonic- and acoustic-based methods= Ultrasonic testing uses the principle that a gap in the weld changes the propagation of ultrasonic sound through the metal. One common method uses single-probe ultrasonic testing involving operator interpretation of an oscilloscope-type screen.http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/109/2/j92den.pdf Spot Weld Analysis with 2D ultrasonic Arrays Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Volume 109, Number 2, March–April 2004 A.A. Denisov, C.M Shakarji, B.B. Lawforfd, R. Gr. Maev J.M Paille Another senses using a 2D array of ultrasonic sensors. Conventional, phased array and time of flight diffraction (TOFD) methods can be combined into the same piece of test equipment.On-Site Ultrasonics, Marc-Antoine Blanchet, Quality Magazine, April 2012, pages 6-7 (NDT section) Acoustic emission methods monitor for sound created by the loading or flexing of the weld. =Peel testing of spot welds= This method includes tearing the weld apart and measuring the size of the remaining weld. Weld monitoring Weld monitoring methods are used to assure the quality and correctness of the weld during the process of welding. The term is generally applied to automated monitoring for weld-quality purposes and secondarily for process-control purposes such as vision-based robot guidance. Visual weld monitoring is also performed during the welding process. On vehicular applications, weld monitoring has the goal of enabling improvements in the quality, durability, and safety of vehicles – with cost savings in the avoidance of recalls to fix the large proportion of systemic quality problems that arise from suboptimal welding. Quality monitoring in general of automatic welding can save production downtime, and can reduce the need for product reworking and recall. Industrial monitoring systems encourage high production rates and reduce scrap costs. "Reliable monitoring methods are essential for maintaining a high level of quality control in laser welding. In industrial processes, monitoring systems allow for quick decisions on the quality of the weld, allowing for high productions rates and reducing overall cost due to scrap." =Inline coherent imaging= Inline coherent imaging (ICI) is a recently developed interferometric technique based on optical coherence tomographyhttps://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-39-21-6217 Automatic laser welding and milling with in situ inline coherent imaging by P. J. L. Webster, L. G. Wright, Y. Ji, C. M. Galbraith, A. W. Kinross, C. Van Vlack, and J. M. Fraser that is used for quality assurance of keyhole laser beam welding, a welding method that is gaining popularity in a variety of industries. ICI works by aiming a low-powered broadband light source through the same optical path as the primary welding laser. The beam enters the keyhole of the weld and is reflected back into the head optics by the bottom of the keyhole. An interference pattern is produced by combining the reflected light with a separate beam that has traveled through a path of a known distance. This interference pattern is then analyzed to obtain a precise measurement of the depth of the keyhole. Because these measurements are acquired in real-time, ICI can also be used to control the laser penetration depth by using the depth measurement in a feedback loop that modulates the laser's output power. =Transient thermal analysis method= Transient thermal analysis is used for range of weld optimization tasks. http://www.ansys.net/ansys/papers/ARTICLE1.pdf Transient Thermal Analysis of Spot Welding Electrodes by K.S. Yeung and P.H. Thorton January 1999 Supplement to the Welding Journal, American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council =Signature image processing method= A WeldPrint analyzer, which uses SIP for the industrial analysis of weld quality Signature image processing (SIP) is a technology for analyzing electrical data collected from welding processes. Acceptable welding requires exact conditions; variations in conditions can render a weld unacceptable. SIP allows the identification of welding faults in real time, measures the stability of welding processes, and enables the optimization of welding processes. Development The idea of using electrical data analyzed by algorithms to assess the quality of the welds produced in robotic manufacturing emerged in 1995 from research by Associate Professor Stephen Simpson at the University of Sydney on the complex physical phenomena that occur in welding arcs. Simpson realized that a way of determining the quality of a weld could be developed without a definitive understanding of those phenomena.Simpson SW and Gillespie P (1998) "In-process monitoring of welding processes—a commercial success", Australasian Welding Journal, 43, 16–17Simpson SW, Weld quality measurement, WIPO PCT WO9845078 (1998); US 6288364 (2001); Australia 741965 (2002); Europe (14 countries) 1007263 (2003); Canada 2285561 (2004); South Korea 0503778 (2005) Simpson SW, Welding assessment, WIPO PCT WO0143910 (2001); Australia 763689, US 6660965 (2003); Canada 2393773 (2005); PAs: Japan 2001-545030 (2001); China 00817251.X, S. Korea 2002-7007624, India IN/PCT/2002/00740 2002), Brazil PI0016401-1, EU 00984649.4 (2002) The development involved: # a method for handling sampled data blocks by treating them as phase-space portrait signatures with appropriate image processing. Typically, one second's worth of sampled welding voltage and current data are collected from GMAW pulse or short arc welding processes. The data is converted to a 2D histogram, and signal-processing operations such as image smoothing are performed.Simpson SW (2007) "Signature images for arc welding fault detection", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(6), 481–86 # a technique for analyzing welding signatures based on statistical methods from the social sciences, such as principal component analysis. The relationship between the welding voltage and the current reflects the state of the welding process, and the signature image includes this information. Comparing signatures quantitatively using principal component analysis allows for the spread of signature images, enabling faults to be detectedSimpson, SW (2007) "Statistics of signature images for arc welding fault detection", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(6), 557–64 and identifiedSimpson SW (2008) "Fault identification in gas metal arc welding with signature images", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(1), 87–96 The system includes algorithms and mathematics appropriate for real-time welding analysis on personal computers, and the multidimensional optimization of fault-detection performance using experimental welding data.Simpson SW, "Statistics of signature images for arc welding fault detection", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(6), 557–64, 2007 Comparing signature images from moment to moment in a weld provides a useful estimate of how stable the welding process is.Simpson SW (2008) "Signature image stability and metal transfer in gas metal arc welding", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(2), 176–83Simpson SW (2009) "Automated fault detection in gas metal arc welding with signature images", Australasian Welding Journal – Welding Research Supplement, 54, 41–47 "Through-the-arc" sensing, by comparing signature images when the physical parameters of the process change, leads to quantitative estimates—for example, of the position of the weld bead.Simpson SW (2008) "Through The arc sensing in gas metal arc welding with signature images", Science & Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(1), 80–86 Unlike systems that log information for later study or that use X-rays or ultrasound to check samples, SIP technology looks at the electrical signal and detects faults when they occur.Australian Technology Showcase - Welding Technologies Innovations Data blocks of 4,000 points of electrical data are collected four times a second and converted to signature images. After image processing operations, statistical analyses of the signatures provide quantitative assessment of the welding process, revealing its stability and reproducibility, and providing fault detection and process diagnostics. A similar approach, using voltage-current histograms and a simplified statistical measure of distance between signature images has been evaluated for tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding by researchers from Osaka University.Matsubara T, Terasaki H, Otsuka H, and Komizo Y (2010) "Developments of real-time monitoring method of welding" (paper RAJU-VE1), Proceedings of the Visual-JW2010 Industrial application SIP provides the basis for the WeldPrint system, which consists of a front-end interface and software based on the SIP engine and relies on electrical signals alone. It is designed to be non-intrusive and sufficiently robust to withstand harsh industrial welding environments. The first major purchaser of the technology, GM Holden"Holden orders award-winning weldprint welding technology", Techwatch, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 12(6), 2002,"Holden purchases award winning weldprint welding technology", Australian Technology Showcase http://www.techshowcase.nsw.gov.au/ News and Events (2002)"University weld checker to be used by Holden", Australian Innovation Magazine, 3–5/02, 29 provided feedback that allowed the system to be refined in ways that increased its industrial and commercial value. Improvements in the algorithms, including multiple parameter optimization with a server network, have led to an order- of-magnitude improvement in fault-detection performance over the past five years. The technology in use on the shop floor of Melbourne firm Unidrive, which used WeldPrint to monitor the quality of steering-column component welds in more than half a million Australian vehicles in the period 2001–06 WeldPrint for arc welding became available in mid-2001. About 70 units have been deployed since 2001, about 90% of them used on the shop floors of automotive manufacturing companies and of their suppliers. Industrial users include Lear (UK), Unidrive, GM Holden, Air International and QTB Automotive (Australia). Units have been leased to Australian companies such as Rheem, Dux, and OneSteel for welding evaluation and process improvement. The WeldPrint software received the Brother business software of the year award (2001); in 2003, the technology received the A$100,000 inaugural Australasian Peter Doherty Prize for Innovation;"Bright sparks join forces to take out Doherty Prize", The Australian (national newspaper)—Higher Education Supplement, 2 April 2003* and WTi, the University of Sydney's original spin- off company, received an AusIndustry Certificate of Achievement in recognition of the development. SIP has opened opportunities for researchers to use it as a measurement tool both in weldingNguyen NT, Mai Y-W, Simpson SW and Ohta A (2004) "Analytical approximate solution for double-ellipsoidal heat source in finite thick plate", Welding J, 83, 82s and in related disciplines, such as structural engineering. The LH and Hancock GJ (2005) "Strength of welded connections in G450 sheet steel", J Struct Eng, 131, 1561 Research opportunities have opened up in the application of biomonitoring of external EEGs, where SIP offers advantages in interpreting the complex signals"Car plant technology has medical spin-off", UniNews, USyd, 34(1), 1 (2002) Weld mapping Weld mapping is the process of assigning information to a weld joint to enable easy identification of its design (WPS), production (welders, their qualifications, date welded), quality (visual inspection, NDT) and traceability (heat numbers of materials joined & welding consumables). Weld mapping should also incorporate a pictorial identification to represent the weld number on the fabrication drawing, in case the designer does not nominate a weld number. See also * Welding defect * Robot welding * Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration References Further reading * ISO 3834-1: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements" 2005) * ISO 3834-2: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Comprehensive quality requirements" (2005) * ISO 3834-3: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Standard quality requirements" (2005) * ISO 3834-4: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Elementary quality requirements" (2005) * ISO 3834-5: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Documents with which it is necessary to conform to claim conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4" * ISO/TR 3834-6: "Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials. Guidelines on implementing ISO 3834" (2007) Welding "