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"Hanequin de Bruxelles (Flanders, unknown date – Toledo, 1494) was a 15th- century Flemish architect and sculptor. He is considered to have introduced the Flemish Gothic style and the Hispano-Flemish style in Toledo. Biography He arrived in Spain in 1440 and settled in Toledo to work as a general contractor in Toledo Cathedral between 1448 and 1470.Georges Duby and Xavier Barral i Altet, Sculpture: The Great Art of the Middle Ages, 1990, p. 291 (Online). Among other things, he was in charge of building the Portal of the Lions.Luisa Morales (ed.), Cinco siglos de música de tecla española, 2007, p. xxiii. He finished the cathedral towerLuis García Ballester, Historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en la Corona de Castilla, Volume 1, 2002, p. 555. and it is possible that he built the Chapel of Álvaro de Luna and also of his brother, both of which can be found inside the cathedral. Therefore, it is quite likely that he was also involved in the construction of Escalona Castle. He worked alongside his brother Egas Cueman on the chapter house of Cuenca Cathedral in 1454. Furthermore, he probably restored the choir of the same cathedral based on his previous works in Toledo. Hannequin also worked on the chapel of Master Pedro Girón. It is quite likely that he created the foundations of the Castle of Belmonte (Cuenca), for Juan Pacheco in 1456. This is a unique castle of its type due to its exterior aspect which has nine curtain walls and six slight towers that seem to form pincers. In 1465 he appeared with his son, Hanequin de Cuellar, in Cuellar to carry out the renovations and extensions of the castle of Beltrán de la Cueva, Duke of Albuquerque, who had taken possession of the village for the first time a year before. Albuquerque wanted to reinforce the construction because of Isabella I of Castile's views on the ownership of Cuellar. He had a barbican built all around the castle, extending the bailey.Maria Rosario Mondejar Manzanares, El Castillo de Cuellar, Segovia, 2007. References Gothic architects 15th-century Spanish architects "
"South Korean KTX bullet train The South Korean KTX Train Attendant Union Strike was a strike conducted by the KTX (Korea Train Express) female train attendants that began on March 1, 2006 in order to protest against the hiring practices of irregular workers. This was the beginning of the longest struggle in South Korea thus far, lasting over 1,000 days. Two years prior, these women had been hired by the Korea Railroad Corporation (KORAIL) as irregular workers with the promise of becoming regular workers with the appropriate benefits and compensation after one year of employment. However, in 2006, because of a change in management, KORAIL forced the workers to accept reduced benefits and wages as well as coercing the workers to perform additional work outside of their traditional duties. In addition to these unfair labor practices, KTX train attendants also reported experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace. All of these issues culminated into approximately 400 female workers joining 17,000 male workers from the Korean Railway Workers' Union (KRWU) on March 1 in the 2006 strike against KORAIL. The majority of the men from the KRWU stopped protesting after 4 days; however, the women continued their strike. Over the course of 12 years, many workers dropped out of the strike; however, 180 continued until 2018 when the Railway Workers' Union and KORAIL came to an agreement in which these 180 of the crew members were reinstated. Background KORAIL hired these women as irregular workers through the company, Hongikhoe, with the promise that they would become regular workers after one year of employment. However, KORAIL changed its management of the KTX train attendants to KTX Tourism Leisure and forced the workers to accept the reduced benefits and wages with the threat of difficulties during future rehiring processes. In addition to reports of sexual harassment, the workers were also forced into additional work outside their traditional duties, such as greeting customers while wearing hanbok (traditional Korean dresses). = Irregular employment = The KTX train attendants fall into the category of "atypical or non-standard employment arrangement" of irregular employment because they were hired full-time employment responsibilities without the benefits, compensation, or protection that should be guaranteed with such duties. Irregular employment entails lower wages, less benefits, and increased job insecurity, and recently, has seen an increase especially for women. Even though workers may be required to uphold the responsibilities of a regular employee, they are reclassified legally, so that management does not have the legal obligation to follow labor laws. In addition to experiencing sexual harassment and reduced compensation and benefits, the female KTX workers were also officially employed in subordinate positions compared to men, even though they had similar responsibilities. = Union = As a result of deregulations and privatization of telecommunication and railway companies in South Korea, companies had more freedom while labor unions had more difficulty in maintaining balanced power between employers and employees.Kwon, H. (2010). Labor and Public Sector Restructuring in South Korea: a Comparative Analysis of Telecommunications and Railways. Ph.D. Cornell University. Even though all unions were affected by the privatization of businesses, unions differ in their responses to defend workers in that some chose to organize and respond with protests or similar militancy while others cooperated with the government. KRWU, the union for the KTX workers, was one of the unions that had an increase in political access during the privatization process of the railway company and therefore was able to gain support and alliances. By the end of 2005, a majority of the female workers had joined the KRWU. The strike that began in 2006 is not singular in regards to protest by irregularly employed women. One of the first struggles occurred in 1998 against their own union, the Hyundai Motors Union. At that time, the Korean Women Workers Associations United (KWWAU) was limited in its power as it was an NGO and not a union. In August 1999, the KWWAU established the national Korean Women's Trade Union (KWTU), which allows any woman to join as a member of the union, even irregularly employed women workers. Strike On March 1, 2006, 400 female workers joined 17,000 male workers in a strike against KORAIL. After 4 days, the male protestors returned to work; however, the remaining KTX train attendants continued for the next 1000 days using varying forms of protest, such as head shaving, fasting, sit-in on iron towers, iron chaining. A particularly shocking protest took the form of KTX train attendants in their uniforms with white masks painted with large black "X's" while their bodies were shackled with chains. One month after the strike began, KORAIL Tourism Leisure sent text messages to the female workers on strike that their contracts were canceled, but that they would be rehired if the strike ended. The women did not stop the strike. KORAIL fired 280 crew members who refused to rejoin the company. In May 2006, approximately 80 female workers were arrested for occupying the KORAIL office in Seoul. In January 2007, KTX union leaders organized a sit-in at the Seoul central station, which continued on and off until July 2018. In August 2008, 3 unionists held a sit-in that lasted 20 days at the top of a lighting tower. In December 2008, 34 workers still on strike filed a lawsuit to reaffirm that they were employees of the Urban Railway Public Corporation. They won both trials of 2009 and 2011. KORAIL paid the workers four years worth of pay back but did not rehire them; it also brought the case to the Supreme Court. In 2012, around 100 laid-off workers also filed a lawsuit and were able to win at the first trial but not the second one. On February 26, 2015, the Supreme Court overturned the verdict of the first and second trials, stating that the KTX female workers were not employees of the Urban Railway Public Corporation. They deemed that the female crew workers were not involved with "safety work." Following the Supreme Court's verdict, KORAIL won an injunction to collect "an average of KRW 86.4 million ($76,000)" that it had previously paid to each laid off crew member. In March 2016, a 36 year old former attendant committed suicide, leaving a note to her three-year-old daughter "I am sorry, my baby. All I can leave with you is debt." On July 20, 2018, the Railway Workers' Union and KORAIL came to an agreement to resolve the issue. The KTX members who were laid off in 2006 would be reinstated and have employment status. This agreement excluded those who were previously employed in KORAIL's headquarters or subsidiary companies. = Support = In August 2007, the Korean Professors Association (gyosu moim) issued a petition that garnered international solidarity against KORAIL. The petition had signatures from approximately 200 professors in 18 different countries. On December 3, 2007, it was delivered to the CEO of KORAIL. Later that month, the CEO of KORAIL, Mr. Chul Lee sent a letter replying to the 200 professors, stating that the petition consisted of "one-sided assertions." References Strikes (protest) "
"Bishop Gunn is a 4-piece blues Americana rock and roll country band from Natchez, Mississippi. It consists of Travis McCready (vocals/guitar/harmonica), Ben Lewis (bass/ backing vocals), Burne Sharpe (drums/ backing vocals) and Drew Smithers (Lead guitar/ backing vocals). Bishop Gunn are influenced by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Lynyrd Skynyrd and Soundgarden. The band are named after a tombstone they saw in Natchez, that was over the resting place of the sixth Bishop of Natchez, John Edward Gunn. History Frontman Travis McCready left his blue-collar job working as a welder in a steel mill to pursue a career in music full-time. Drummer Burne Sharpe was searching for a singer to perform with for a festival date, so they met and performed together at Great Mississippi River Balloon Race in 2014. The band was joined by former marine Ben Lewis on bass, then the Bishop Gunn line-up was completed in 2017 when they met guitarist Drew working in a guitar shop in Nashville. Music career Bishop Gunn recorded their first EP in Leipers Fork at producer Casey Wasner’s studio, The Purple House, and it was self-released on own label Farm2Turntable in February 2016. The EP tracks included: "Let the people know", "Eye of a hurricane", "Have your way with me", "Bank of the river" and "Riders". The band played together regularly at Smoot’s Grocery in Natchez and played regularly in 2017 in Mississippi, Tennessee and Louisiana including playing shows in the fall of 2017 supporting Lynyrd Skynyrd. Bishop Gunn worked on a new album throughout 2017 recording with new guitarist Drew at Muscle Shoals Sound, The Purple House and Fame Studios. They released their debut full-length album titled Natchez named after their hometown on May 4th 2018. Bishop Gunn played a SXSW showcase in March 2018, then toured with The Marcus King band, Blackberry Smoke, Whiskey Myers and played two cruises with Kid Rock. In May 2018 the band launched their first "Bishop Gunn Crawfish Boil” (BGCB) festival in Natchez, Mississippi. The event sold around 4000 tickets and took place in Bluff Park, Natchez. The band released first single "Shine" from new album Natchez in May 2018 to coincide with the festival. Directed by Tyler Barksdale the video, set in Natchez features people in different jobs and positions working in Natchez, from the Natchez Brewery to the steel mill Travis McCready once worked in. The band were included in Rolling Stone magazine's "10 New Country Artists You Need to Know: May 2018" along with The Felice Brothers and Maren Morris. The band released a second single from Natchez titled "Alabama" in October 2018 together with a video that featured comedian and broadcaster Theo Von. The story of the recording of the track "Alabama" is that Bishop Gunn were heading to the recently reopened Fame Studios in Muscle Shoals to record "Alabama" when they received a phone call telling them that Rick Hall, the studio's owner for more than 50 years, had passed away. At the urging of Hall's son, Rodney, Bishop Gunn continued driving to Fame, where they recorded "Alabama" with help from a number of local musicians, including rapper GMane who later starred in the music video. The video was produced and directed again by Nashville director Tyler Barksdale and features and eerie baptism scene replete with snakes and Pentecostal worship. The video was part of a series of videos that tell a story inspired on the song. In 2019 the band released a video for Makin’ It' from the album 'Natchez', directed once again by Tyler Barksdale. The song (about the death of Travis McCready's brother) was featured in Rolling Stone magazine's top 10 country and Americana songs of February 2019. The band also won the Classic Rock magazine poll with the song in the same month. The band embarked on their first European tour February 2019 headlining shows from Dublin, to Cologne, including their first London show. The band also supported The Struts in Paris, then joined Slash for a run of European dates. Discography * Bishop Gunn EP (2016) = Studio albums = * Natchez (2018) Members * Travis McCready - Vocals/Guitars/Harmonica * Drew Smithers - Lead guitar * Ben Lewis - Bass guitar * Burne Sharpe - Drums References External links * Bishop Gunn Natchez review * Bishop Gunn, The American Dream in an album * Bishop Gunn, Bello Bar, Dublin * Bishop Gunn Natchez Review, Rootstime Belgium * Bishop Gunn, The Sound of Natchez American rock music groups Musical groups established in 2017 Americana music groups American country music groups 2017 establishments in Mississippi Musical groups from Mississippi Natchez, Mississippi "