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"Luoyang Museum () is a historical museum in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Situated in the Yellow River valley. It offers exhibits of the rich cultural heritage of Luoyang, a major Chinese cultural centre, which was the capital of numerous Chinese dynasties including the Eastern Zhou and the Eastern Han. The museum was first built in 1958, in Guanlin, south of Luoyang City. It was moved to the north side of Zhongzhou Road in 1973 near the Wangcheng Park, which, at an area of , is the largest public park in Luoyang. The new museum opened on May 1, 1974. It houses relics from excavation sites on the outskirts of Luoyang, in the city's old section. They include antiquaries from palaces and temples. These artifacts establish the historical past of Luoyang, representing elements of the ancient city of nine capitals, from Neolithic times up to 937 AD. Architecture and fittings The museum is built in ancient Tang Dynasty, Chinese architectural style. An Eastern Han Dynasty painting of the "hundred-flower" lantern is displayed on the front facade of the museum. Tang Dynasty clay pottery of camel and man Chinese bronze ding vessel with gold and silver inlay from the Warring States Period (403–221 BC) of ancient China. With four display halls and five exhibition rooms, it is spread over with a floor space of . The antiquaries are arranged to demonstrate the evolution of social structure, beginning with primitive society in the first hall, followed by exhibits related to slavery, and feudalism. The exhibits are also arranged in a sequence of ancient cultures starting with Heluo, followed by Yangshao, Longshan, Xia (21st century BC-17th century BC), Shang (17th century BC-11th century BC) and ending with Zhou (11th century BC-256 BC). Exhibits Two collections are major permanent exhibits: the Historical and Cultural Relics of Luoyang and the Selected Cultural Relics of Luoyang. Travelling collections from the Luoyang Museum are located in Japan, Germany, France, Singapore and South Korea. In addition, the museum also conducts exhibitions of carved stone, Pottery figurines of Han and Tang Dynasties, cultural relic of ancient Chinese Palace, calligraphy and paintings, and other items every year. Many of the exhibits are of bronze, pottery, porcelain, gold, silver, jade and stone wares. In addition, the Ming and Qing dynasty articles include ancient calligraphic works and paintings, and folk art objects. Pieces include: Stone Age figurines and implements of Tang Dynasty; a figurine of a young woman with coiled hair excavated in 1980; a young woman figurine in clay with dragon design headgear; an imperial attendant at the Jingling Mausoleum of Ziyou, Emperor Xianzhuang Mangssssssan of Northern Wei Dynasty (); and an imperial attendant at the Jingling Mausoleum of Yuan Key, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Dynasty (). There are also items excavated at Erlitou, an important Shang site east of Luoyang. These include jade, bronzes, and pottery artifacts of the Xia and Shang dynasty. A winged bronze figure with gold inlay measuring by from the Eastern Han Dynasty was secured from a tomb on the outskirts of Luoyong and represents a three-dimensional sculpture of an enlightened person. Three relics from the earliest Buddhist Yongning Temple built in 519 under the Northern Wei dynasty reign, and a figure painted in clay unearthed from the base of the Yongning Temple are also part of the collection. Of the mingqi items excavated in 1972 from a nearby Western Han tomb, a house-like kitchen and 190 pottery articles are a part of the museum collection. There are two epitaph tablets that record the construction of the Gongling mausoleum of Li Hong.Howard, 2006 Research and training The museum also functions as a centre for research and training. References Category:Museums in Luoyang Category:Local museums in China Category:Archaeological museums in China Category:Museums established in 1958 Category:1958 establishments in China Category:National first-grade museums of China "
"is a Japanese alpine skier and Paralympic athlete. He competed in the 2006 Winter Paralympics in Torino, Italy, where he became 4th in the Downhill and 12th in the Slalom, sitting. He competed in the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He won a bronze medal in the Giant Slalom, sitting. He became 5th at the Super combined, 5th in the Super-G, 11th at the Downhill and 15th at the Slalom, sitting. References Athlete Search Results – Suzuki, Takeshi, International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese male alpine skiers Category:Paralympic alpine skiers of Japan Category:Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Japan Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Paralympics Category:Medalists at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Category:Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Paralympics Category:Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Paralympics Category:Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon Category:Paralympic medalists in alpine skiing "
"Nauruan law, since Nauru's independence from Australia in 1968, is derived primarily from English and Australian common law, though it also integrates indigenous customary law to a limited extent. Nauruan common law is founded mainly on statute law enacted by the Parliament of Nauru, and on precedents set by judicial interpretations of statutes, customs and prior precedents. Sources Nauruan law comprises a "number of Ordinances from the pre- independence administration which are still in force; certain laws of the United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea and Australia which have been adopted by Nauru and are still in force; Acts of Parliament passed since independence in 1968; Regulations; precedents of the Supreme Court of Nauru; and customary law"."Consolidation of Legislation Project", Parliament of Nauru Article 85 of the Constitution stipulates that law in existence at the time of independence continues to be applied until amended or repealed by Parliament.Constitution of Nauru Constitution The Constitution of Nauru, adopted in 1968, establishes itself as the supreme law of the country, and provides for the voiding of any statute inconsistent with it (art.2). Art.54(1) grants to the Supreme Court "original jurisdiction to determine any question arising under or involving the interpretation or effect of any provision of th[e] Constitution". Statutes Since 12 May 2016 Nauru has a new modern Criminal Code called the Crimes Act 2016, that reforms various crimes and other legislation. The Nauru Crimes Act 2016 also repeals the Queensland Criminal Code of 1899, that the Parliament of Nauru adopted into law (at the time of the independence of Nauru) since 1968. In addition to British and Australian statutes, and certain regulations applied to Papua New Guinea by Australia during the colonial period, the Parliament of Nauru is the law-making body for Nauru. The law-making process is derived from the legislative process of the British and Australian Parliaments, somewhat simplified as Nauru's Parliament is unicameral. Unlike the United Kingdom or Australia, however, the enactment of laws in Nauru does not require the assent of the head of State. A bill is enacted when it has been passed by Parliament, and certified as such by the Speaker."How does Parliament make laws?", Parliament of Nauru Common law and equity The Constitution makes no reference to common law. However, article 4 of the Custom and Adopted Laws Act 1971 stipulates that "the common law and the statutes of general application [...] which were in force in England on the thirty-first day of January, 1968, are hereby adopted as laws of Nauru"; that "[t]he principles and rules of equity which were in force in England on the thirty-first day of January, 1968, are hereby adopted as the principles and rules of equity in Nauru"; and that "in every civil cause or matter instituted in any Court law and equity shall be administered concurrently". Art.5 specifies that English common law applies only insofar as it is "not repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions" of any statute law applied in Nauru.Custom and Adopted Laws Act 1971 Case law In addition to applicable case law inherited from England and Australia, Nauruan case law is primarily based on precedents set in the Supreme Court. Due to the country's small size, Nauru has simply one District Court, with appeals heard by the Supreme Court. Appeals may be heard from the Supreme Court to the High Court of Australia on all but constitutional matters, enabling Australian High Court precedents to continue entering Nauruan jurisprudence. Additionally, a Family Court operates separately."Nauru Courts System Information", Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute Nauru's Supreme Court has ruled on the following constitutional cases:Selected case law of the Supreme Court of Nauru, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute * In re the Constitution, Jeremiah v Nauru Local Government Council (1971). Held by Chief Justice Ian Thompson: Article 3 of the Constitution guarantees the "fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual" exclusively within the bounds of the rights explicitly set out in articles 4 to 13. There is no constitutional right to marriage, and marriage may therefore be restricted by statute. * In re the Constitution of Nauru (1971). Held by Chief Justice Ian Thompson: Any statute restricting the right of Nauruans aged 20 or more to vote in legislative elections is void due to inconsistency with art.29 of the Constitution, which provides that "Members of Parliament shall be elected in such manner as is prescribed by law, by Nauruan citizens who have attained the age of twenty years". Nauruans may not be deprived of the right to vote on the grounds of unsoundness of mind, nor due to being in gaol. * Three Questions Referred under Articles 36 & 55 of the Constitution (1977). Held by Chief Justice Ian Thompson: Article 32(b) of the Constitution should be interpreted as meaning that any Member of Parliament convicted of an offence punishable by a year or more in gaol vacates his or her seat in Parliament immediately upon conviction, any appeal notwithstanding. * Four Questions Referred under Article 55 of the Constitution (1977). Held by Chief Justice Ian Thompson: Article 61 of the Constitution "is not intended to exclude the presentation of Bills for supply otherwise than in accordance with [the procedure it sets out for the withdrawal of moneys from the Treasury], if their presentation is otherwise expressly or implicitly authorised by the Constitution". The Supply Act 1977 is not unconstitutional. * In the Matter of the detention of Uti Siose under Article 5 of the Constitution of Nauru (1982). Held by Chief Justice Ian Thompson: The Criminal Procedure Act 1972 was unconstitutional insofar as it permitted the arrest of a person absconding from bail. Art. 5 of the Constitution provides that "No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty, except [...] (c) upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed, or being about to commit, an, offence"; absconding from bail was not yet an offence at the time of the case. * the Matter of Article 36 of the Constitution, Reference to the Supreme Court by Bobby Eoe (1988), a case arising under art.36 ("Any question that arises concerning the right of a person to be or to remain a member of Parliament shall be referred to and determined by the Supreme Court"). Held by Chief Justice Donne: Parliament's declaration of vacancy of one of its seats is, in this case, valid in accordance with art.32 of the Constitution. * Constitutional Reference; In re Article 55 of the Constitution (2003). In accordance with art.55 of the Constitution, which permits the Cabinet to refer a constitutional question to the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Barry Connell held that the Speaker's declaration of a successful parliamentary motion of no confidence against the Cabinet was invalid as it had not met the constitutional requirements for such a motion. * Constitutional Reference; In re Dual Nationality and Other Questions (2004). Question referred to the Supreme Court by Cabinet in accordance with art.55. Held by Chief Justice Barry Connell: "There is no direct prohibition on a member of Parliament holding dual citizenship." * In the Matter of Article 55 & 45 (and Article 36 & 40) of the Constitution (2007). Chief Justice Robin Millhouse QC answered questions submitted by Cabinet (in accordance with art.55) on the meaning of articles 36, 40 and 45 of the Constitution. * In the Matter of Article 55 & 45 (and Article 36 & 40) of the Constitution (2008). Similar to the above. Answered by Millhouse CJ. * In re Article 36 of the National Constitution (2008). Held by Chief Justice Robin Millhouse QC: The Speaker must consult the Supreme Court before declaring a seat in Parliament vacant. * In the Matter of the Constitution and in the Matter of the Dissolution of the Eighteenth Parliament (2010). Held by Justice John von Doussa: The Constitution provides the President with full latitude to determine whether a state of emergency should be declared. Custom The Constitution makes no reference to custom. However, the Custom and Adopted Laws Act 1971 provides that the "institutions, customs and usages of the [indigenous] Nauruans" existing prior to the commencement of the Act shall have "full force and effect of law" to regulate certain issues of land ownership, other issues of property and inheritance, and more generally "any matters affecting [indigenous] Nauruans only". A custom is invalid to the extent that it would deprive a person of his or her property without his or her consent, or that it would "deprive the parents of a child of its custody and control without their consent". A custom may be "expressly, or by necessary implication, abolished, altered or limited by any law enacted by Parliament"; statute law prevails over custom. Reform In January 2011, Mathew Batsiua, Minister for Health, Justice and Sports, addressed the United Nations Human Rights Council within the context of Nauru's Universal Periodic Review. Summarising Nauru's report to the Council, he stated that the country was undergoing legal reforms with an aim to improve guarantees on human rights. He drew the Council's attention, in particular, to the Nauruan constitutional referendum of 2010, which had aimed unsuccessfully to amend the Constitution and expand its Bill of Rights. Batsiua stated: "Had the referendum received the required support, the constitutionally guaranteed rights and freedoms of the people of Nauru would have been something that all nations of the world might have aspired to. It would have been the first Constitution in the world to protect the rights of disabled persons, and the second in the region, after Papua New Guinea, to provide for the protection of environmental rights. It would have prohibited the death penalty, guaranteed the rights of children, recognised the right to receive education and health. It would have enshrined the right to receive maternity leave, and introduced a right to access information, among other things." In addition, he stated Parliament was considering institutional and legal reforms to create the office of an ombudsman, and review Nauru's criminal code, "much of which remains unchanged since [...] 1899". The decriminalisation of "homosexual activity between consenting adults" was "under active consideration".[rtsp://webcast.un.org/ondemand/conferences/unhrc/upr/10th/hrc110124am1-eng.rm?start=00:04:37&end;=00:23:22 Address by Mathew Batsiua] to the United Nations Human Rights Council, 24 January 2010National Report of Nauru to the Human Rights Council, November 2010 External links * Selected Nauruan statute law and case law, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute * Remarks on Nauruan law by a former Senior Legal Officer (University of the South Pacific School of Law); originally published in [1993] AU Law Lib 5. * Nauru's Online Legal Database References "