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"Duane Butler (born November 9, 1973) is a former gridiron football linebacker / defensive back. He played college football at Illinois State. College career Duane Butler attended Illinois State University. While there, he was a three time All-Conference selection, and left school with the school's fifth most career tackles record with 332 tackles. Professional career Butler began his career as a free agent, eventually playing in the NFL for the Minnesota Vikings, in 1997 for three games and in 1998 for fourteen games. In 1998, he also played for the London Monarchs of the NFL Europa. In 1999, he tried out for the Cleveland Browns. In 2000, he played for the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europa. 2001 was a busy year, as Butler played 15 games with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL, and a season with the Birmingham Thunderbolts of the XFL. After another season in Hamilton (2002), Butler found a home with the Montreal Alouettes, where he has played for the past 4 seasons (to 2006). In 2003, he tied the Alouettes records for most sacks in a game, with 5 against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. References 1973 births American football linebackers Canadian football linebackers Illinois State Redbirds football players Living people Montreal Alouettes players Hamilton Tiger-Cats players Minnesota Vikings players Berlin Thunder players London Monarchs players Birmingham Thunderbolts players Eastern Michigan Eagles football players People from Trotwood, Ohio "
"In ancient Greece, the Buphonia ( "ox-slayings") denoted a sacrificial ceremony performed at Athens as part of the Dipolieia, a religious festival held on the 14th of the midsummer month Skirophorion— in June or July— at the Acropolis. In the Buphonia a working ox was sacrificed to Zeus Polieus, Zeus protector of the city, in accordance with a very ancient custom. A group of oxen was driven forward to the altar at the highest point of the Acropolis. On the altar a sacrifice of grain had been spread by members of the family of the Kentriadae, on whom this duty devolved hereditarily. When one of the oxen began to eat, thus selecting itself for sacrifice,"The ox itself thus broke the tabu and sinned against the god and his altar," Burkert explains (Burkert 1983:138). one of the family of the Thaulonidae advanced with an axe, slew the ox, then immediately threw aside the axe and fled the scene of his guilt-laden crime."Banishment had been the price for spilling blood since ancient times; the Greeks called it 'flight,' φυγή" (Burkert 1983:139). Origins and duration The Athenians of the age of AristophanesAristophanes, The Clouds, 984f. regarded the sombre ritual as archaic; its founding myth attributed its inception to Cecrops, the chthonic king of remotest legend (Aristophanes), to Diomus (Theophrastus, cited by Porphyry in De Abstinentia 2.10.2) or to archaic Erechtheus (Pausanias 1.28.10). The Dipolieia survived at least to the time of the Roman Empire. The offering of grain was a reminder of the time "when people shrank from eating oxen," as Plato related in The Laws (782c), "and offered no animals in sacrifice, but rather, cakes and the fruits of the earth soaked in honey, and other such pure sacrifices."Quoted by Burkert 1983:138. Details and explanation Details of the rite can be reconstructed in detail, thanks to a passage in Porphyry that has been traced to a source in Theophrastus.Burkert 1983:137 note 6 bibliography. Although the slaughter of a laboring ox was forbidden, it was excused in these exceptional circumstances; nonetheless it was regarded as a murder.H. Nettleship ed., A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (London 1891) p. 186 The axe, therefore, as being polluted by murder, was immediately afterward carried before the court of the Prytaneum, which tried the inanimate object for murder, and, after the water- bearers who lustrated the axe, the sharpeners who sharpened it, the axe-bearer who carried it, each denied in turn responsibility for the deed, the guilty axe or knife was there charged with having caused the death of the ox, for which the axe was acquitted (Pausanias) or the sacrificial knife was thrown into the sea (Porphyry). Apparently this is an early instance analogous to deodand. In the enactment of this comedy of innocence, and the joint feasting of all who participated save the slayer himself, individual consciences were assuaged and the polis was reaffirmed. The burden of guilt was doubly displaced, not only through the buck-passing of the trial, but also through the apparently "guilty" act of the oxen in selecting itself through the initial eating.Darian Leader, The New Black (London 2009) p. 121 Notes References *Burkert, Walter, Homo Necans (1972) 1983, III.1 "From Ox- Slaying to the Panathenaic Festival" pp 136–43. Greek animal sacrifice Festivals in ancient Athens June observances July observances "
"INS Dakar () was a diesel–electric submarine in the Israeli Navy. The vessel, a modified World War II British T-class submarine, had previously been of the Royal Navy. She was purchased by Israel from the Government of the United Kingdom in 1965 as part of a three T-class submarine deal. Dakar and her entire 69-man crew were lost en route to Israel on 25 January 1968. Despite extensive searches over the course of three decades, its wreckage was not found until 1999, when it was located between the islands of Cyprus and Crete at a depth of approximately . The submarine's conning tower was salvaged and is on display outside Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum in Haifa. The exact cause of Dakars sinking remains unknown. It was one of four submarine disappearances in 1968; the others were those of the , the , and the U.S. submarine . Early career HMS Totem was built as a group 3 variant of the British T-class submarine; these were constructed during World War II at HM Dockyard Devonport. She was launched on 28 September 1943 and commissioned in early 1945. After the end of World War II, Totem, along with the other surviving group 3 boats, was equipped with submarine snorkels to allow for longer periods of operation underwater. Between 1951 and 1953, Totem was one of eight British Navy submarines to be converted to the "Super T" design, which allowed the vessel to travel at higher and quieter underwater speeds. Purchase by Israel In 1965, Totem was purchased by Israel, along with two of her T-class sister boats, and . The former Totem was commissioned into the Israeli Navy at Portsmouth, England on 10 November 1967 as INS Dakar (, ), under the command of Major Ya'acov Ra'anan. She then headed to Scotland to conduct sea and dive trials. Late in 1967, Dakar returned to Portsmouth; she left for Israel on 9 January 1968. Dakars first port call after leaving the UK was Gibraltar, on the morning of 15 January. She departed at midnight on 16 January with the intention of crossing the Mediterranean Sea on snorkel. The original schedule was for the submarine to enter her new home base at Haifa on 2 February. During her voyage, she was making excellent speed, averaging over , and Major Ra'anan radioed Haifa to request entering port ahead of schedule. He was ordered to enter on 29 January. Later, Ra'anan requested to enter a day earlier, on 28 January. This request was denied, as the welcoming ceremony could not be rescheduled. Loss At 06:10 on 24 January 1968 Dakar transmitted her position, 34.16°N 26.26°E, just east of Crete. Over the next 18 hours she sent three control transmissions which did not include her position. Her final broadcast was at 00:02 25 January, after which no further transmissions were received. On 26 January the British Admiralty reported the submarine was missing and gave the last known position as west of Cyprus. An international search and rescue operation began, including units from Israel, the United States, Greece, Turkey, Britain and Lebanon. Although the Israeli Navy in Haifa began broadcasting calls to commercial vessels to be on the look out for Dakar, Israeli officials would not admit the submarine was missing. On 27 January, a radio station in Nicosia, Cyprus received a distress call on the frequency of Dakars emergency buoy, apparently from south-east of Cyprus, but no further traces of the submarine were found. On 31 January, all non-Israeli forces abandoned their search at sunset. Israeli forces continued the search for another four days, ceasing at sundown on 4 February 1968. Israel denied that Dakar sank as the result of hostile action. It stated that Dakar was involved in crash diving exercises on its return voyage and was probably lost as a result of a mechanical failure. On 25 April 1968, Vice Admiral Avraham Botzer, commander of the Israeli Navy, stated that Dakar sank on 24 January 1968, two days before being reported missing, due to "technical or human malfunctioning" and not "foul play". Searches and discovery Dakars emergency buoy in the Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum in Haifa. The salvaged conning tower from Dakar outside Haifa's Naval Museum. On 9 February 1969, more than a year after Dakar went missing, a fisherman found her stern emergency buoy marker washed up on the coast of Khan Yunis, a town southwest of Gaza. British T-class submarines had two such buoy markers, bow and stern, secured behind wooden doors in cages under the deck and attached to the submarine with metal cables long. The experts who examined the of cable still attached to the buoy made several inaccurate determinations. These conclusions - that the buoy had remained attached to the submarine for most of the preceding year until the cable broke completely, that Dakar rested in depth between , and that it was off her planned route - misled searchers for decades. It was not until April 1999, after some 25 failed expeditions, that a search effort was concentrated along the original route. On 17 January 1970, the Egyptian newspaper Al Akhbar reported that Dakar had been sunk by an Egyptian warship with depth charges. The Egyptian story was told in a 2 July 2005 interview by Asharq Al-Awsat with General Mohamed Azab (a major at that time): :On 23 January 1968, the Egyptian frigate, Assyout, left Alexandria base in a training mission for the naval academy. After completing the training assignment and during the return journey to the base, students noticed the periscope of an alien submarine in Egyptian waters, about two miles (3 km) off Alexandria. The Egyptian commander was informed and the decision was taken to attack the unknown submarine. However, the submarine made a hasty dive and the Egyptian ship lost track of it. General Azab reported the story to his commanders and mentioned that there is a probability that the submarine had crashed into the seabed. However, the story was not believed by the higher Egyptian commanders and there was not sufficient evidence to start a search process. General Azab mentioned that the submarine may have crashed into the seabed due to the shallow depth of water in that region, about 36 meters, while it needed at least 40 meters to dive. It appears that the submarine commander took the risk.معلومات جديدة قد تفك لغز الغواصة الإسرائيلية «داكار» التي غرقت أمام ساحل الإسكندرية عام 1968 (translated herein from Arabic with minor editing) The Israeli government stated there was no evidence to substantiate the Egyptian unofficial charges. During the 1980s the Israelis, using a salvage vessel with Egyptian liaison officers, conducted three searches for Dakar in waters north of Sinai and another search off the Greek island of Rhodes. In August 1986, the U.S. Navy committed a P-3 Orion and an S-3 Viking to search Egyptian waters near al- Arish. In October 1998, Israel began running advertisements in newspapers in Turkey, Egypt, France, Greece and Russia, offering rewards of up to $300,000 for any information on the fate of Dakar. On 24 May 1999 a joint U.S.–Israeli search team using information received from U.S. intelligence sources and led by Thomas Kent Dettweiler, a subcontractor from American Nauticos Corporation, detected a large body on the seabed between Crete and Cyprus, at a depth of some . On 28 May the first video pictures were taken by the remote-operated vehicle Remora II, making it clear that Dakar had been found. She rests on her keel, bow to the northwest. Her conning tower was snapped off and fallen over the side. The stern of the submarine, with the propellers and dive planes, broke off aft of the engine room and rests beside the main hull. During October 2000 a survey of the Dakar wreckage and the wreckage site was undertaken by Nauticos corporation and the Israeli Navy. Some artifacts were recovered, including the submarine's bridge, the boat's gyrocompass, and many small items. The exact cause of the loss remains unknown, but it appears that no emergency measures had been taken before Dakar dived rapidly through her maximum depth, suffered a catastrophic hull rupture, and continued her plunge to the bottom. The emergency buoy was released by the violence of the hull collapse, and drifted for a year before washing ashore. Later developments Memorial for INS Dakar Dakar Park in Giv'at Shmuel A memorial designed by architect David Brutzkus was dedicated in 1971 at the National Military and Police cemetery in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. It is inscribed with a Hebrew Bible verse from Psalm 77:19: "Your path led through the sea, your way through the mighty waters, though Your footprints were not seen." Dakars bridge and forward edge of her sail are now a memorial display in the Naval Museum in Haifa. The recovery of any still-existing remains of the crew members has been considered. This would permit their Jewish burial in Israel as Judaism does not recognize burial at sea and requires burial in earth. To date, crew members' families have held a ceremony in a ship over the submarine's remnants. The Rabbinical authorities had to solve complicated problems of Jewish law before the crew members' wives could be declared officially widows, so that they could remarry.http://www.jta.org/1981/03/02/archive/all-crew- members-of-submarine-dakar-officially-declared-dead-chief-rabbi-says-wives-of- crew-members In 2008, a film was released, entitled Full Circle, a documentary about the search for the wreckage. In May 2009, a book was published by Nauticos president David W. Jourdan entitled, Never Forgotten: The Search and Discovery of Israel's Lost Submarine Dakar. This book chronicles the history of the submarine, the story of the families of the 69 lost sailors, and the events leading to the discovery in 1999. On 1 September 2015 it was reported that the previously-classified reports on the loss of Dakar and the subsequent search were released to the families of the submarine's crew. In 2018 the Navy proposed naming their newest submarine Dakar in tribute to the original vessel. After the families of the Dakars crew protested, the name was changed to Dragon, which shares the same letters in Hebrew. In popular culture * Bright Shark is a novel written by Robert Ballard and Tony Chiu; it describes the discovery of INS Dakar by an American research vessel. Israel and the USSR join forces to preserve the submarine's secret – at the price of direct confrontation with the U.S. References Further reading * External links * INS Dakar – Extensive information regarding the submarine and the search and discovery efforts to locate her. * British T-class submarines of the Israeli Navy Ships built in Plymouth, Devon 1943 ships Maritime incidents in 1968 1968 in Israel Israeli submarine accidents Ships lost with all hands Shipwrecks in the Mediterranean January 1968 events "