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"The Mohawk River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed October 3, 2011 river in the U.S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River. The Mohawk flows into the Hudson in Cohoes, New York, a few miles north of the city of Albany.Mohawk River , The Columbia Gazetteer of North America The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. It is a major waterway in north-central New York. The largest tributary, the Schoharie Creek, accounts for over one quarter (26.83%) of the Mohawk River's watershed. Another main tributary is the West Canada Creek which makes up for 16.33% of the Mohawk's watershed. Course The river's source is at the confluence of the West Branch and East Branch in north-central Oneida County. It begins flowing generally southeastward towards the Hamlet of Hillside, first receiving Blue Brook then McMullen Brook and Haynes Brook. In Hillside is the confluence of Lansing Kill, after which it flows towards the Hamlet of North Western receiving Stringer Brook along the way. After North Western it receives Tannery Brook then Wells Creek in the Hamlet of Frenchville. At Frenchville it curves to the southwest and heads toward the Hamlet of Westernville receiving Deans Gulf along the way. In Westernville it enters Delta Reservoir. After exiting the reservoir it heads south toward the City of Rome receiving Hurlbut Glen Brook and passing the Rome Fish Hatchery along the way. On the south side of the City it enters the Erie Canal and begins to flow east. After Rome the river flows generally east through the Mohawk Valley, passing by the cities of Utica, Little Falls, Canajoharie, Amsterdam, and Schenectady before entering the Hudson River at Cohoes, just north of Albany. =Modifications= The river and its supporting canal, the Erie Canal, connect the Hudson River and port of New York with the Great Lakes at Buffalo, New York."The New York State Canal System" Carmella R. Mantello, In: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 The lower part of the Mohawk River has five permanent dams, nine movable dams (seasonal), and five active hydropower plants."Lower Mohawk River Fisheries" Norman McBride, In: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 Schoharie Creek and West Canada Creek are the principal tributaries of the Mohawk River. Both of these tributaries have several significant dams including the Hinckley Dam on the West Canada and the Gilboa Dam on the upper reaches of Schoharie Creek. The Gilboa Dam, which was completed in 1926 as part of the New York City water supply system, is the subject of an active and aggressive rehabilitation project."The Gilboa Dam and Schoharie Reservoir" Howard Bartholomew, Michael Quinn, In: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 As the Laurentian Glacier retreated, it blocked the outflow of Glacial Lake Iroquois. Instead of flowing down the St Lawrence Valley it flowed down the Mohawk River. Geology The Mohawk watershed drains a large section of the Catskill Mountains, the Mohawk Valley proper, and a section of the southern Adirondack Mountains. All three regions have distinct bedrock geology, and the underlying rocks become progressively younger to the south.Rickard, L.V., Y.W. Isachsen, and D.W. Fisher, 1970, Geologic Map of New York State, 1970. 1:250,000. Consists of five sheets: Niagara, Finger Lakes, Hudson-Mohawk, Adirondack, and Lower Hudson, Map and Chart Series No. 15 Overall, this part of New York is represented by lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlie the Grenville-aged (Proterozoic, here about 1.1 billion years old) metamorphic rocks of the Adirondacks.Physical Geography of New York In the watershed, these rocks are only significant in the headwaters of the West Canada Creek. Much of the main trunk of the Mohawk River sits in Cambro-Ordovician carbonates (limestone) and Middle Ordovician sandstones and shales.Lower Ordovician Faunas, stratigraphy, and sea-level history of the Middle Beekmantown Group, Northeastern NY, Journal of Paleontology; September 2006; v. 80; no. 5; p. 958-980 The southern tributaries (Catskill Mountains) are underlain by a thin sequence of Devonian limestones that are overlain by a thick sequence of sandstones and shale of the Catskill Delta, which is also Devonian in age.Geologic History of the north-central Appalachians, American Journal of Science, Vol. 297, September 1997, P.729-761 During the Pleistocene (c. 1.8 to 0.01 mya), the watershed was extensively modified by continental glaciation. As a result of glacial scour and deposition, the surficial deposits in much of the watershed are poorly sorted boulder- and clay-rich glacial till. During deglaciation, several glacial lakes left varved clay deposits. In the final stages of deglaciation, approximately 13,350 years ago,Catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, Catastrophic meltwater discharge down the Hudson Valley: A potential trigger for the Intra-Allerød cold period, Geology; February 2005; v. 33; no. 2; p. 89-92 the catastrophic draining of Glacial Lake Iroquois, a pro-glacial lake, was through what would become the modern Mohawk Valley.John C. Ridge, Shed Brook Discontinuity and Little Falls Gravel: Evidence for the Erie interstade in central New York, GSA Bulletin; June 1997; v. 109; no. 6; p. 652-665. In this final phase, the enormous discharge of water caused local deep scour features (e.g. the Potholes at Little Falls), and extensive sand and gravel deposition, which is one of the key sources of municipal groundwater including the Scotia Delta, which is also known as the Great Flats Aquifer."Responsible Planning for future ground water use from the Great Flats Aquifer" Thomas M. Johnson, in: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 Etymology The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. In the 1700s and before, the Mohawk people, a section of Iroquois Confederacy, were based in the Mohawk Valley, which included the area around the creek. Their territory ranged north to the St. Lawrence River, southern Quebec and eastern Ontario; south to greater New Jersey and into Pennsylvania; eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont; and westward to the border with the Iroquoian Oneida Nation's traditional homeland territory. History The river has long been important to transportation and migration to the west as a passage through the Appalachian Mountains, between the Catskill Mountains and Allegheny Plateau to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north. The Mohawk Valley allowed easier passage than going over the mountains to the north or south of the valley. As a result, it was strategically important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, and a number of important battles were fought here. The fertile Mohawk Valley also attracted early settlers. The river was the highway of the native Mohawk people. The Mohawk name for the river was Tenonanatche, "a river flowing through a mountain" (or Yenonanatche, "going round a mountain"). The first recorded European exploration of the Mohawk was a trip by the Dutchman Harman Meyndertsz van den Bogaert in 1634. He followed the river upstream from Albany for a distance of 100 miles, including all the territory of the Mohawks. In 1661 Dutch colonists founded the city of Schenectady on the Mohawk River approximately from Albany. "For fifty years Schenectady was the outpost of civilization and Dutch-English rule in the Mohawk valley." In 1712 the British, now in control of New York, built Fort Hunter at the confluence of the Mohawk and the Schoharie Creek, about upriver from Schenectady. Around 600 Palatine Germans were settled along the Mohawk and Schoharie Creek. In the early nineteenth century water transport was a vital means of transporting both people and goods. A corporation was formed to build the Erie Canal off the Mohawk River to Lake Erie. Its construction simplified and reduced the difficulties of European westward settler migration. The Mohawk Valley still plays an important role in transportation. Railroads followed the Water Level Route, as did major east–west roads such as Route 5 and Interstate 90. The Mohawk River Heritage Corridor Commission was created to preserve and promote the natural and historic assets of the Mohawk River. This commission was created by the NY State Legislature in 1997 to improve historic preservation along the river.Mohawk Valley Heritage Corridor Commission website Troy and the Hudson River in the foreground, and Schenectady in the background =Flooding and discharge= The Mohawk River has a relatively long record of flooding that has been documented back to settlement in the 17th century.Historic flooding on the Mohawk River The average volume of water that flows through the Mohawk is about every year.Historic flooding on the Mohawk River Much of the water flows through the watershed in the spring as snow melts rapidly and enters the tributaries and the main trunk of the river. The maximum average daily flow on the river occurs between late March and early April. For the period between 1917 and 2000, the highest mean daily flow is c. as measured at Cohoes, near the confluence with the Hudson. The lowest mean daily flow of occurs in late August. There is a long record of significant and damaging floods along the entire length of the river. Because the river and its tributaries typically freeze in the winter, the spring melt is commonly accompanied by ice floes that get stuck and jammed along the main trunk of the river. This annual spring breakup typically occurs in the last few weeks of March, although there are numerous floods that have occurred before or after this time, such as in 2018 when the ice jam breakup happened in late February after record warm weather in the region. These ice jams can cause considerable damage to structures along the riverbanks and on the floodplain. The most severe flood of record on the main trunk of the Mohawk River was the spring breakup flood that occurred from 27 to 28 March 1914. This flood caused a tremendous amount of damage to the infrastructure because it was a spring breakup flood with enormous amounts of ice. Ice jams of some significance occur about every other year.Historical and modern ice jams on the Lower Mohawk River - Schenectady"A historical perspective of Ice Jams on the lower Mohawk River." John I. Garver, Jaclyn M.H. Cockburn, In: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 One major flood on the Mohawk was on 26–29 June 2006, during the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006. Flooding was caused by a stalled frontal system that resulted in of rain across central New York and widespread flooding occurred in the Mohawk, Delaware, and Susquehanna watersheds. Across the state, this event caused over $227 million in damage and resulted in the loss of four lives. This flooding was acute in the upper parts of the Mohawk watershed."The Flood of June 2006 in the Mohawk, Delaware, and Susquehanna river basins." Thomas P Suro, United States Geological Survey, In: Proceedings from the 2009 Mohawk Watershed Symposium, Union College, 27 March 2009 The Mohawk River also saw significant flooding during the weeks between August 21, 2011 and September 5, 2011 due to torrential rains experienced from Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. Many of the Mohawk Barge Canal locks sustained major damage, especially near Waterford and Rotterdam Junction. Another major flood was on June 28, 2013. It was caused by heavy rain that had fallen in the region for weeks. On the night of June 27, 2013, the Jordanville area reported that 4 inches of rain fell in one hour. The next day, the Mohawk River flooded the valley, residents were stranded and without power for about a week. There was considerable damage everywhere, especially Mohawk and Fort Plain. Watershed management Historically, the Mohawk watershed has lacked a watershed management plan typical in many adjacent basins. In 2010, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation released the Mohawk River Basin Action Agenda, which is the first framework for a watershed management plan in this basin. This plan identifies five priority goals for the Mohawk River Basin that are designed to enhance ecosystem health and the vitality of the region. The Action Agenda, developed by the NYS DEC in collaboration with a number of stakeholders in the basin with public input, advocates an ecosystem-based approach to watershed management. In October 2014, Riverkeeper, an environmental advocacy and clean water watchdog organization, announced that they will be expanding the reach of their efforts from the Hudson River to the Mohawk as well. Tributaries = Right = *McMullen Brook *Deans Gulf *Wheelers Creek *Oriskany Creek *Sauquoit Creek *Starch Factory Creek *Bonny Brook *Moyer Creek *Steele Creek *Fulmer Creek *Nowadaga Creek *Otsquago Creek *Canajoharie Creek *Flat Creek *Lasher Creek *Yatesville Creek *Van Wie Creek *Auries Creek *Schoharie Creek *South Chuctanunda Creek *Terwilleger Creek *Sandsea Kill *Moccasin Kill *Plotter Kill *Lisha Kill *Shakers Creek *Delphus Kill = Left = *Blue Brook *Haynes Brook *Lansing Kill *Stringer Brook *Tannery Brook *Wells Creek *Hurlbut Glen Brook *Sixmile Creek *Ninemile Creek *Crane Creek *Decks Creek *Jones Creek *Gridley Creek *Reall Creek *Budlong Creek *Wood Creek *Knapp Brook *Burch Creek *Sterling Creek *Pratt Creek *Bridenbecker Creek *West Canada Creek *Beaver Brook *Crum Creek *East Canada Creek *Timmerman Creek *Zimmerman Creek *Mother Creek *Caroga Creek *Knauderack Creek *Briggs Run *Cayadutta Creek *Danascara Creek *Kayaderasseras Creek *Dove Creek *Bunn Creek *North Chuctanunda Creek *Degraff Creek *Evas Kill *Compaanen Kill *Chaughtanoonda Creek *Verf Kill *Washout Creek *Alplaus Kill *Stony Creek Islands *Abeel Island - Located north of Fort Plain. *Bronson Island - Located west of Amsterdam. *Davey Island - Located South of Amsterdam. *Dalys Island - Located by Scotia. *Giording Island - Located south of Amsterdam. *Goat Island - Located north of Niskayuna. *Isle of the Oneidas - Located south of Scotia. *Isle of the Onondagas - Located south of Scotia. *Isle of the Senecas - Located south of Scotia. *Isle of the Mohawks - Located south of Scotia. *Isle of the Cayugas - Located south of Scotia. *Upper Pepper Island - Located south of Fort Johnson. *Pepper Island - Located south of Fort Johnson. *Robb Island - Located southeast of Fort Johnson. *Swart Island - Located west of Hoffmans. See also *List of rivers of New York *Oneida Carry *Great Flats Nature Trail References External links * "Mohawk River: Flooding and Watershed Analysis" by J. I. Garver (Union College) * NY State Department of Environmental Conservation - Mohawk River Basin Program Action Agenda (PDF, 928 Kb) * Groundwater Quality in the Mohawk River Basin, New York United States Geological Survey Rivers of New York (state) Tributaries of the Hudson River Rivers of Schenectady County, New York Rivers of Montgomery County, New York Rivers of Fulton County, New York Rivers of Herkimer County, New York Rivers of Oneida County, New York "
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"Hayward may refer to: People *Hayward (profession), officer of a township in charge of fences and enclosures *Hayward (surname) *Hayward (given name) Places ;Canada *Hayward Lake, a lake and reservoir on the Stave River, British Columbia ;New Zealand *Hayward College, a residential college in Dunedin *Haywards, on the North Island, site of the static inverter plant of the HVDC Inter-Island ;United Kingdom *Haywards Heath, a town in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England **Haywards Heath railway station *Hayward Gallery, an art gallery situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, London, England ;United States *Hayward, California, a city in Alameda County **California State University, East Bay, formerly named California State University, Hayward **Hayward (BART station), Bay Area Rapid Transit station **Hayward Executive Airport **Hayward Fault Zone, earthquake fault running through Hayward **South Hayward (BART station), transit station **Hayward Regional Shoreline, park **San Mateo–Hayward Bridge *Hayward, Mariposa County, California *Hayward, Minnesota, in Freeborn County *Hayward Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota *Hayward, Missouri, in Pemiscot County *Hayward, Wisconsin, city in Sawyer County *Hayward (town), Wisconsin, adjacent town in Sawyer County *Hayward Field, track and field stadium, home to the University of Oregon Track and Field teams *Hayward Mill, historic mill in Douglas, Massachusetts Other uses *Hayward is the most common cultivar of the Kiwifruit, after Hayward Wright of New Zealand See also *Heyward *Haywood (disambiguation) "